Lecture 1. The Science of Taxonomy and Systematics (video)

Question 1

Mainly focus on describing, naming, and classifying organisms

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

• scientists who study plants and animals, classify them and name new species
• Discover new species, and identify species that are already known, is critical to understanding and protecting them

Answer 2

Taxonomists

Question 3

What do Taxonomists do

Answer 3

• study and classify plants and animals
• name new species
• Discovering new species, and identifying species that are already known, is critical to understanding and protecting them

Question 4

• Study of nature and origin of natural population of living organisms, both present and past (Myers, 1952)
• Production of cladograms that link taxa through their observed variation
• Conceptual and procedural relationships among and within areas of it

Answer 4

Systematics

Question 5

Triad of Systematics

Answer 5

1. Taxonomy
2. Study of the Process of Evolution
3. Study of Phylogeny

Question 6

Provides the names, the categories, and the boxes where we put organisms in

Answer 6

taxonomy

Question 7

Use as a way to differentiate different populations and to create certain changes and speciation through reproductive isolation, natural selection, the origin of species, hybridization of organism

Answer 7

study of the process of evolution

Question 8

• divergence and/or development of all groups
• use cladograms or the tree of life

Answer 8

study of phylogeny

Question 9

groups in the study of phylogeny triad

Answer 9

• mode
• time
• place

Question 10

What do Biosystematists do

Answer 10

• study the big picture
• seek to ensure that classification of organisms is founded on evolutionary relationships
• allow predictions about properties and traits of organisms

Question 11

result of billions of years of evolution on living organisms

Answer 11

diversity

Question 12

• anti-cancer compound
• found in Taxol plant

Answer 12

paclitaxel

Question 13

• anti-pain medicine
• found in snail poison
• more powerful than morphine

Answer 13

conotoxin

Question 14

Taxonomy and Systematics as a Useful Science

Answer 14

1. Feeding the World
2. Discovering the Drugs of the Future
3. Improving Human Health
4. Enabling Industrial Innovation
5. Enabling Sustainability

Question 15

• taxonomy of pests and pathogens
• Discovering biological control agents
• Documenting wild relatives of crop plants and animals to discover genes that may improve yields or resist disease
• Exploring the taxonomy of soil and aquatic microbes

Answer 15

feeding the world

Question 16

Fifty percent (50%) of all pharmaceutical compounds registered for use in the USA are derived from, or were originally discovered in living organisms

Answer 16

discovering the drugs of the future

Question 17

• Many disease-causing organisms have not yet been named or studied
• Ecologists and farmers of the human microbiome carefully manipulate our internal biodiversity to cure diseases and keep us healthy

Answer 17

improving human health

Question 18

Organisms that produce medicines, fuels, plastics, and other organic chemicals

Answer 18

enabling industrial innovation

Question 19

By characterizing biodiversity, taxonomists and biosystematist provide the framework and tools by which others can study change and resilience of the Earth system in the face of past, present and future stresses.

Answer 19

enabling sustainability

Question 20

forefronts or the initial stages of sustainability

Answer 20

systematics and taxonomy

Question 21

threat from human-induced environmental change

Answer 21

• global warming
• pollution
• extractive industries

Question 22

Other Fields of Sciences Taxonomy and Systematics Support

Answer 22

1. Ecology
2. Genetics
3. Geology
4. Earth Science
5. Oceanography
6. Climate Science
7. Agricultural Science
8. Medicine
9. Environmental Science
10. Conservation Science

Question 23

By ensuring that species and other taxa are scientifically robust, well characterized, and can be accurately identified

Answer 23

Ecology

Question 24

By providing evolutionary and taxonomic framework that allows understanding of genetic diversity and evolution

Answer 24

Genetics

Question 25

By characterizing and documenting fossils that form basis of much of stratigraphy and, hence, key to mining and oil and gas exploration

Answer 25

Geology

Question 26

By enabling documentation of biogeochemical cycles that help stabilize and drive Earth systems

Answer 26

Earth Science

Question 27

By discovering and documenting organisms that underpin and drive ocean productivity.

Answer 27

Oceanography

Question 28

By enabling past, current, and future climate change to be tracked, through an understanding of their effects on species and ecological communities.

Answer 28

Climate Science

Question 29

By characterizing pests, diseases, beneficial organisms, and wild relatives of crop plants.

Answer 29

Agricultural Science

Question 30

By enabling deeper, more accurate knowledge of microbiome, i.e. human pathogens and probiotics.

Answer 30

Medicine

Question 31

By discriminating species and supporting and understanding of life histories and management of natural resources and species stocks

Answer 31

Environmental Science

Question 32

By providing authoritative species names that underpin conservation planning and legislation

Answer 32

Conservation Science

Question 33

Rise of botany and zoology as applied sciences

Answer 33

16th century

Question 34

Extensive botanical and zoological taxonomy (identification)

Answer 34

18th and 19th century

Question 35

Introduction of the theory of evolution

Answer 35

19th century

Question 36

Taxonomy vs. Systematics: based on what it refers

Answer 36

Taxonomy: classification of organisms Systematics: study and classification of organisms for the determination of the evolutionary relationship of organisms

Question 37

Taxonomy vs. Systematics: based on where it is involved

Answer 37

Taxonomy: classification and naming of organisms Systematics: classification, naming, cladistics, and phylogenetics

Question 38

Taxonomy vs. Systematics: based on evolutionary history of organisms

Answer 38

Taxonomy: does not deal with the evolutionary history of organisms Systematics: deals with the evolutionary history of organisms

Question 39

Taxonomy vs. Systematics: based on future studies

Answer 39

Taxonomy: change with future studies Systematics: does not change with future studies