Lecture 2. History of Systematics (video)

Question 1

treated nature based on appearance

Answer 1

ancient Greeks

Question 2

• able to distinguish invertebrates (Entoma were separated from Malacostraca and from Mollusca)
• able to distinguish vertebrate classes (Reptiles, birds, and mammals)

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

What did Aristotle able to distinguish in invertebrates

Answer 3

Entoma was separated from Malacostraca and from Mollusca

Question 4

What classes did Aristotle able to distinguish in vertebrates

Answer 4

• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

Question 5

insects

Answer 5

Entoma

Question 6

crustacea

Answer 6

Malacostraca

Question 7

cephalopoda

Answer 7

Mollusca

Question 8

• divided the plant world into trees, shrubs, and herbs (under shrubs)
• described groups of genera which we call monocots and dicots, and even smaller groups like grasses

Answer 8

Theophrastus

Question 9

What was the weakness of Aristotle and Theophrastus

Answer 9

were not able to come up with a clear classification scheme

Question 10

an expressed unity of a certain group

Answer 10

Genus

Question 11

Greek for Genus

Answer 11

Genos

Question 12

In Aristotle and Theophrastus’ logic, what were genus and species

Answer 12

classes

Question 13

• means that there is no third option
• only true or false

Answer 13

Tertium non datur

Question 14

If Aristotle focused on zoology, his student Theophrastus focused on ___.

Answer 14

Plant

Question 15

What was used by ancient Greeks to classify organisms

Answer 15

deductive reasoning

Question 16

They also deduced that it is only logical to make divisions based on ________

Answer 16

important features of life

Question 17

Important features of life:
Zoology

Answer 17

Circulatory system (those with red blood and those without)

Question 18

Important features of life:
Plants

Answer 18

• Growth
• Reproduction

Question 19

One thing to remember about Aristotle

Answer 19

Ladder of Nature (principle)

Question 20

Ladder of Nature

Answer 20

Scala Naturae

Question 21

living things could be assigned a hierarchical position on this metaphorical ladder that would represent their degree of perfection

Answer 21

Ladder of Nature (Scala Naturae)

Question 22

Scala Naturae hierarchy

Answer 22

minerals –> plants –> animals –> humans –> demons –> angels –> God

Question 23

Scala Naturae:
non-being

Answer 23

minerals

Question 24

Scala Naturae:
realm of becoming

Answer 24

plants, animals, humans

Question 25

Scala Naturae: realm of being

Answer 25

demons, angels

Question 26

Scala Naturae: being

Answer 26

God

Question 27

The key feature considered in making division in animals was the circulatory system, while in plants these were _____ and _____

Answer 27

Growth and Reproduction

Question 28

This period opened an unbiased way of looking at nature. This independence was reflected in illustration that were based on nature

Answer 28

Renaissance

Question 29

Herbalists in the Renaissance period

Answer 29

1. Otto Brunfels (1536) 2. Leonhard Fuchs (1542) 3. Conrad Gesner (1551) 4. Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) 5. Valerius Cordus (1544)

Question 30

arranged genera alphabetically

Answer 30

1. Otto Brunfels (1536) 2. Leonhard Fuchs (1542) 3. Conrad Gesner (1551)

Question 31

- Mastered floral morphology - But this did not translate into his classifications

Answer 31

Hieronymus Bock

Question 32

What did Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner do

Answer 32

arrange genera alphabetically

Question 33

What did Hieronymus Bock do

Answer 33

master floral morphology (but this did not translate into his classifications)

Question 34

- First that abandoned the blind trust in ancient botany - Resulted in botany reaching full maturity

Answer 34

Valerius Cordus

Question 35

What did Valerius Cordus do

Answer 35

first abandoned the blind trust in ancient botany (resulted in botany reaching full maturity)

Question 36

Resulted to more knowledge gathered, and people becoming more curious on what is on other lands

Answer 36

increase in trade and travel from Portuguese and Spanish rules

Question 37

Because of the increase in trade and travel, more knowledge were gathered. What became a necessity

Answer 37

systematics

Question 38

Problems in organizing systematics at the time

Answer 38

1. "Ladder of Nature" and "Tertium non datur' were contrasting 2. Term "species" was abstract 3. Nature was overwhelming in quantity