History of Systematics (f2f lecture)

Question 1

Earliest

Answer 1

Folk taxonomy

Question 2

most dominant phylum in plant kingdom

Answer 2

flowering plants (angiosperms)

Question 3

evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage

Answer 3

Adaptive radiation

Question 4

What is the heart of biology

Answer 4

conservation

Question 5

Ancients

Answer 5

Folk taxonomy & early taxonomic studies

Question 6

Early taxonomic studies are more on

Answer 6

exploratory

Question 7

exploratory

Answer 7

just naming plants and animals

Question 8

first to classify things

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

classifications by Aristotle

Answer 9

• invertebrates
• vertebrates
• blooded
• non-blooded

Question 10

Father of Botany

Answer 10

Theophrastus

Question 11

classification of Theophrastus is based on

Answer 11

growth forms
- annual, biennial, perennial

Question 12

Theophrastus first used the terms __ and __ to group things

Answer 12

genus
species

Question 13

wrote De Materia Medica

Answer 13

Pedanius Dioscorides

Question 14

De materia medica was widely read for more than __ years

Answer 14

1,500 years

Question 15

Father of Botanical Latin

Answer 15

Gaius Plinius Secundus

Question 16

Gaius Plinius Secundus was called as

Answer 16

Pliny the elder

Question 17

What did Pedanius Dioscorides write

Answer 17

De Materia Medica

Question 18

What did Gaius Plinius Secundus write

Answer 18

Naturalis Historia

Question 19

Systematics had its root from

Answer 19

natural intuition

Question 20

• no clue with evolution yet
• Trend: rise of book printing
• Botanical was introduced
• scientific knowledge increased

Answer 20

Herbalists to Darwin

Question 21

introduced the first Herbaria

Answer 21

Luca Ghini

Question 22

objected the pre idea of everything is at it is

Answer 22

Andrea Cesalpino

Question 23

introduced the family concept

Answer 23

Pierre Magnol

Question 24

recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels

Answer 24

Bauhin Brothers

Question 25

- named species as basic taxonomic unit - biggest contribution is monocot and dicot - genus = factual taxonomic group

Answer 25

John Ray

Question 26

John Ray's biggest contribution

Answer 26

monocot and dicot

Question 27

author of common genus concept

Answer 27

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort

Question 28

- binomial nomenclature - criteria: flowers & fruits - pushed a more natural system

Answer 28

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 29

- vulgar in his critiques of Linnaeus - thinks that it is more reliable to focus on origin (ecology) - observed ecological succession - countered theory of pre-existence - Law of Biogeography

Answer 29

George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon

Question 30

- reflected natural system - weighing characters when classifying and naming - grandfather of numerical taxonomy

Answer 30

Michel Adanson

Question 31

- modified systems - proposed a natural method of classification based on morphological and physiological characteristics

Answer 31

Consolidation Phase

Question 32

- proposed for natural classification - grouped plants in the botanical garden (200 families, 7569 genera)

Answer 32

Bentham and Hooker

Question 33

- more on animals - thought that not everything existed as it is - Galapagos finches

Answer 33

Charles Darwin

Question 34

Insights

Answer 34

1. species are adaptive over time 2. forces of nature can be favorable or not 3. variations are inherited 4. environments are not static 5. phylogenetic concept began to emerge

Question 35

a species is a “tip” on a phylogeny, that is, the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets.

Answer 35

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 36

published "Biological Species Concept"

Answer 36

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Question 37

How can you say that a group of organisms are one species (Biological Species Concept)

Answer 37

they interbreed with each other

Question 38

- phylogenetic concept emerged - improvement of taxonomic concept - rise of Biosystematics

Answer 38

Biosystematic Phase

Question 39

study of the diversification of organisms, both past and present, and the relationships among those organisms through time

Answer 39

biosystematics

Question 40

attempt to classify and identify organisms (originally plants) according to confirmable differences and similarities in their biochemical compositions

Answer 40

Chemotaxonomy

Question 41

- collection of data, analysis & synthesis - introduced quantitative taxonomy (numerical taxonomy)

Answer 41

encyclopaedic or holotaxonomic phase

Question 42

divided Plant Kingdom into two divisions: Cryptogamia (non-flowering plants) and Phanerogamia (flowering plants).

Answer 42

Bentham and Hooker

Question 43

classifies flowering plants into Magnolids (four orders), Monocots (seven orders), Commelinids (five orders), and Eudicots (36 orders), plus a few taxa of uncertain affinity.

Answer 43

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG)

Question 44

APG

Answer 44

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group