Phenetics vs Cladistics

Question 1

• numerical taxonomy
• similarity

Answer 1

phenetics

Question 2

phenetics is also called

Answer 2

taximetrics

Question 3

• method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms
• method of reconstructing evolutionary trees

Answer 3

Cladistics

Question 4

study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities – often species, individuals or genes (which may be referred to as taxa)

Answer 4

Phylogenetics

Question 5

Phenetics group organisms based on __ _ __

Answer 5

degree of similarity

Question 6

early phenetics is based more on __ or __

Answer 6

• morphological
• anatomical

Question 7

branching diagrammatic tree used in phenetic classification to illustrate the degree of similarity among taxa

Answer 7

phenogram

Question 8

phenetics does not relate __ __

Answer 8

evolutionary relationships

Question 9

• diagram that shows relationships between species
• relationships are based on observable physical characteristics
• show the relationships in a graphic that looks like a tree, with branches connected to a common ancestry

Answer 9

Cladograms

Question 10

Cladograms are based on __ __, whereas phenograms do not consider __ __

Answer 10

• ancestral assumptions
• evolutionary history

Question 11

Within a cladogram, a branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

Answer 11

clade

Question 12

some cladograms are __ wherein timeline and genetic distance are shown

Answer 12

scaled

Question 13

in cladistics, organisms are arranged due to __ __ __

Answer 13

unique derived characteristics

Question 14

• specialized trait or character that is unique to a group or species
• a character state (such as the presence of feathers) not present in an ancestral form

Answer 14

apomorphy

Question 15

• ancestral trait
• evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group (compare apomorphy) and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group

Answer 15

plesiomorphy

Question 16

idea that embryonic development repeats that of one’s ancestors

Answer 16

recapitulation

Question 17

defined as a collection of one or more populations of organisms

Answer 17

taxon

Question 18

• shared, derived character state
• apomorphy that two taxa share and that is assumed to have been present in the common ancestor of those two taxa

Answer 18

Synapomorphy

Question 19

• shared, ancestral character state
• any trait that was inherited from the ancestor of a group and has been passed on into more than one descendant lineage

Answer 19

Symplesiomorphy

Question 20

• derived trait that is unique to a particular taxa
• not useful in determining how groups are related since only one group will have the particular trait

Answer 20

Autapomorphy

Question 21

• clade, species, or lineage that appears at the tip of a phylogenetic tree
• may be extant or extinct

Answer 21

Terminal taxon

Question 22

• A lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched

Answer 22

basal taxon

Question 23

two lineages stem from the same branch point

Answer 23

sister taxa

Question 24

diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

Answer 24

phylogenetic tree

Question 25

- quantitative analysis of form - concept that encompasses both the size and shape of an organism or organ

Answer 25

Morphometrics

Question 26

'the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions'

Answer 26

Phenotypic plasticity

Question 27

1960s onward

Answer 27

genetic evidence

Question 28

SNPs

Answer 28

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 29

change in one DNA base pair

Answer 29

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Question 30

- mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion - length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION.

Answer 30

indel

Question 31

Animal taxonomy: Family suffix

Answer 31

-idae

Question 32

principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

Answer 32

parsimony

Question 33

UPGMA

Answer 33

Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean

Question 34

- A simple clustering method that assumes a constant rate of evolution (molecular clock hypothesis) - needs a distance matrix of the analysed taxa that can be calculated from a multiple alignment.

Answer 34

UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean)

Question 35

What to look for in a phylogenetic tree

Answer 35

1. ancestor 2. clade 3. monophyletic group 4. terminal and basal taxa 5. branch points 6. sister group (ingroup) 7. outgroup (different genera)

Question 36

- node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single ancestral lineage - may indicate either that we don't know how the descendent lineages are related or that we think that the descendent lineages speciated simultaneously.

Answer 36

polytomy

Question 37

node terminates a branch

Answer 37

branch point

Question 38

- represents a group - depends on point of reference

Answer 38

clade

Question 39

lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched

Answer 39

basal taxon

Question 40

Different kinds of groups

Answer 40

1. monophyletic group 2. polyphyletic group 3. paraphyletic group

Question 41

A single common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Answer 41

Monophyletic group

Question 42

A common ancestor and some of its descendants

Answer 42

Paraphyletic group

Question 43

- A grouping with no recent common ancestor. - composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor

Answer 43

Polyphyletic group