Anatomy > 1. intro to the skeleton > Flashcards

1. intro to the skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

how can the skeletal system be separated?

A

into the axial and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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3
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull
sternum
ribcage
vertebral column

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4
Q

what are the main functions of the axial skeleton

A

support
protection
attachment

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5
Q

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs
scapula
clavicle

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6
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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7
Q

how many bones form the cranium?

A

8

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8
Q

how many bones are associated with the face?

A

14

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9
Q

what is the cranial cavity?

A

a fluid-filled cavity that cushions and supports the brain

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10
Q

where is the frontal bone?

A

forms the forehead and the roof of the orbits

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11
Q

where are the parietal bones?

A

either side of the skull, posterior to the frontal bone

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12
Q

where do the parietal bones interlock?

A

saggital suture - along the midline of the cranium

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13
Q

where do the parietal bones and frontal bone meet?

A

at the coronal suture

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14
Q

where is the occipital bone?

A

the posterior and inferior part of the cranium (bottom back)

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15
Q

where do the occipital bone and parietal bones meet?

A

lambdoid suture

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16
Q

what is the foramen magnum?

A

a hole in the occipital bone which connects the cranial and spinal cavity

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17
Q

what are the occipital condyles?

A

sites of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column

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18
Q

where are the temporal bones?

A

inferior to the parietal bones

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19
Q

where do the temporal bones meet the parietal bones?

A

at the squamous sutures

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20
Q

what is the mandible?

A

bone of the lower jaw

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21
Q

what is the maxilla?

A

the bone of the upper jaw

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22
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the part of the body between the neck and the abdomen

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23
Q

what bones make up the skeleton of the thoracic cage?

A

rib cage, sternum and thoracic vertebrae

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24
Q

where do the ribs of the ribcage connect to the vertebrae?

A

at the back of the body

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25
what is the sternum?
a flat T-shaped bone at the anterior part of the thorax
26
what is the main purpose of the sternum
to protect the mediastinal viscera
27
what are the three parts of the sternum?
manubrium body xiphoid process
28
what is the jugular notch?
the concave depression at the superior end of the sternum
29
where are the sternoclavicular joints?
where the fossae either side of the jugular notch articulate with the medial ends of the clavicle
30
which vertebrae is the body of the sternum in line with?
T5-T9
31
what is the smallest part of the sternum?
the xiphoid process
32
how many pairs of ribs do people normally have?
12
33
define true ribs
ribs which attach directly to the sternum
34
which ribs are true ribs?
Ribs 1-7
35
define false ribs
ribs which don't attach directly to the sternum, they attach to the cartilage or the ribs above them. indirectly attach to the sternum
36
which ribs are the false ribs?
ribs 8,9 and 10
37
which ribs are floating ribs?
ribs 11, 12 and sometimes 10
38
define floating ribs
ribs which do not attach to the sternum
39
how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
33
40
what are the five regions of the vertebral column?
``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx ```
41
which of the vertebrae are involved in movement?
the top 25
42
what do peripheral nerves do?
pick up info from the surroundings and take it to the spinal cord to be conveyed to the brain
43
what do motor nerves do?
nerves which go to muscles to get them to contract
44
what are intevertebral foramens?
holes inbetween where the vertebrae interlock where the spinal nerves leave
45
what is the upper limb made up of?
the shoulder, the arm, the forearm and the hand
46
what does the clavicle do?
connects the upper limb to the trunk
47
what does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with?
manubrium
48
what does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?
the acromion
49
what is the name of the joint where the clavicle and scapula articulate?
acromioclavicular joint
50
what is the spine of scapula?
the thick ridge of bone on the scapula
51
what is the supraspinous fossa?
the part of the scapula above the spine of scapula
52
what is the infraspinous fossa?
the part of the scapula below the spine of scapula
53
how does the scapula attach to the vertebrae and what is the advantage of this?
muscles - makes it more moveable
54
what is the largest bone in the upper limb?
the humerus
55
at what joint does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
glenohumeral
56
where does the humerus articulate with the radius and ulna?
elbow joint
57
what are condyles?
rounded protuberances of bones which articulate with other bones
58
what is the trochlea?
the medial condyle on the humerus
59
what is the capitulum?
the lateral condyle on the humerus
60
what are epicondyles
projections on condyles which form attachments to muscles not bones
61
what is the ulna
the stabilizing bone of the forearm on the medial side
62
which is shorter; the radius or the ulna?
the radius
63
what is the carpus
the wrist
64
how many bones in the carpus and how are they arranged?
8, arranged in two rows of 4
65
what are the metacarpals?
the bones of the palm
66
how many metacarpals are there?
5
67
how many phalanges in the digits?
14
68
how many phalanges in each digit?
3 in all apart from the thumb which has 2
69
what are the purposes of the lower limbs?
to support body weight locomotion maintain balance
70
how can the bones of the lower limb be divided?
the pelvic girdle and the bones of the free lower limb
71
what is the pelvic girdle?
a bony ring made of the sacrum and the left and right hip bones
72
what is the pubic symphysis?
where the left and right hip bone articulate anteriorly
73
what is the longest bone in the body?
the femur
74
which is stronger; tibia or fibula
tibia
75
where is the tibia found
below the knee on the medial side
76
how many tarsals do we have?
7
77
what is the patella?
the kneecap
78
what are joints?
the junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
79
name the different types of joints?
synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
80
what are synovial joints?
when articulating surfaces of bones arent directly connected, they come into contact with a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
81
inside the joint cavity, what are bones capped with?
articular cartilage
82
inside the joint cavity, what are all surfaces covered in?
synovial membrane
83
what are the most common types of joints in the body?
synovial
84
name some examples of synovial joints
sternoclavicular joint elbow joint glenohumeral
85
what are fibrous joints?
adjacent bones being joined by fibrous connective tissue
86
name examples of fibrous joints
sutures of the cranium periodontium ligament which holds teeth into jaw radius and ulna held together by the interosseous membrane
87
what are cartilaginous joints?
joints held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
88
name some examples of cartilaginous joints
pubic symphysis
89
what are the different types of muscles?
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
90
what is the function of skeletal muscle?
movement and to keep us upright
91
is skeletal muscle under voluntary or involuntary control?
voluntary
92
what is fascia?
a band or sheet of connective tissue which attaches to, stabilises and separates muscles and other internal organs
93
describe deep fascia
dense and has no fat
94
describe superficial fascia
loose, connective tissue and fat
95
what is syndesmosis?
unites bones with sheet of fibrous tissue
96
which joints are the joints of locomotion?
synovial joints
97
name the types of synovial joints
``` gliding/plane hinge pivot ellipsoidal saddle ball and socket ```
98
give an example of a gliding joint
acromioclavicular
99
what direction can gliding joints move in?
uniaxial
100
give an example of a hinge joint
elbow
101
what direction can a hinge joint move in
uniaxial - flexion and extension only
102
give an example of a pivot joint
median atlantoaxial joint
103
what direction can a pivot joint move in?
uniaxial
104
give an example of a condyloid joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
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