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Histology > [1] Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

[1] Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of anatomy and structure of cells and tissues.

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2
Q

4 major groups of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, Nervous, and muscle

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3
Q

Example of epithelial tissue

A

Bladder, small intestine, kidney, skin,etc.

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4
Q

Ex of connective tissue

A

Bone, cartilage, adipose, hyaluronan, and hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Ex of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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6
Q

Ex of nervous tissue

A

Cerebral cortex, purkinje

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7
Q

Role of Bichat in establishing histology

A

Described 21 membranes he viewed w/o a micro. Proposed that diverse body organs contain particular tissues/membranes

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8
Q

Who’s the father of modern histology>?

A

Marie Bichat

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9
Q

Role of Virchow in establishing histology

A

Asso. W/ establishment of cell theory(all cells come from existing cells) and coupling of histology w/ pathology

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10
Q

Koliliker contribution to histology

A

Applied schwann’s theories and made first textbook on histology and embryology

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11
Q

Matthew Schleiden contribution to histology

A

Botanist; described the cell as the “essential unit of life”. Co-created cell theory w/ Schwann

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12
Q

Theodore Schwann contribution to histology

A

Zoologist; Distinguished 5 classes of tissues. Co-created cell theory w/ Schlieden

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13
Q

Zacharias Janssen contribution to modern micro.

A

He and his nephew produced the first micro. W/ mag of 30X (1590)

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14
Q

Robert Hooke contribution to modern micro

A

Known for introducing the term “cell” When looking at plants and cork. Noticed compartments w/ thick walls. Used micro. W/ alcohol burner for lighting (1665)

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15
Q

Anthony Leeuwenhoek contribution to modern micro

A

Janitor that enjoyed creating lenses. Created 247 micro. W/ mag of 100X. Sent some to royal society. (1674)

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16
Q

Define refraction of light

A

Bending of light when entering a new medium

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17
Q

How is refractive Index calculated

A

[velocity of light / velocity of light through new medium]

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18
Q

What unit is used in refraction measurement?

A

Diopters

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19
Q

1 diopter =

A

1 meter / focal length of lens

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20
Q

Define focal point

A

All light rays will pass after passing thru lens

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21
Q

Define focal length

A

Distance from the center of lens to focal point

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22
Q

How are focal length and focal point r/t refraction?

A

Real image is formed when object is placed outside the focal point [which is inverted, can be projected on screen,differs in size]

Virtual image is formed when object is placed inside the focal point. [not inverted, can’t be projected onto a screen, can be magnified]

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23
Q

Real image forms when:

A

Object is outside of the focal point

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24
Q

Virtual image is formed when:

A

object is placed inside the focal point

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25
Real image is:
Inverted, differs in size from the object, CAN be projected on screen
26
Virtual image is:
Not inverted, CANT be projected onto a screen, CAN be magnified
27
Greatest magnification will be obtained from:
lenses having a short focal length w/ the object as close as possible to the focal point- real image.
28
What point will rays radiating at any plane from the object be brought to a focus with virtual image?
No points exist to bring to a focus
29
Define resolution:
Ability to distinguish btw 2 small points as seperate points.
30
How is resolution calculated?>
D = (0.61 X wavelength) / NA
31
How can resolution be increased?
Use higher refractive index & shorter wavelengths
32
Components of light micro.:
Light source, condenser, stage, objective lens, Ocular lens
33
Light micro. Pros/con
Ability to magnify and resolve structural detail. | Specimen has to be thin & relatively little contrast in the unstained specimen
34
How does Phase contrast micro. Work?
Allows looking at living cells w/o stains b/c the out of phase wavelengths are matched w/ other inducable out of phase wavelengths. To cancel their amplitude.
35
What is a con about phase contrast micro?
No color
36
HOw confocal micro work?
Adds a pinhole to eliminate out o focus light, enables reconstruction of 3D image. Combination of light and fluorescence fitted w/ scanning system which employs a laser beam convergent to produce shallow scanning spots. Can create very thin images of specimen. Make 3D image by stacking images.
37
Advantages of confocal micro
Very thin optical images of the specimen are created, out of focus images are subtracted from the image by the computer program, computers can make 3D by stacking images
38
HOw TEM work?
USes a beam of electrons rather than light. Comprised of cathode, anode, and electrons source [tungsten], electromagnets [condenser, objective, projection lens] holder viewing screen photographic film.
39
Advantages of TEM:
Magnification
40
TEM vs. SEM
SEM: scattered electrons, shows more surface composition while TEM shows internal. Don't have to curt specimen / SEM. SEM can see more than TEM but at less magnification. SEM is 3D w/o stacking images.
41
BAsic steps for tissue fixing and embedding
Fixing-dehydration-clearing [removal of alcohol]- embedding
42
Purpose of fixing a specimen
Fixing prevent further deterioration and helps harden the tissue prior to embedding/sectioning...it does distort the specimen though
43
Purpose for embedding tissues?
ALlows for more accurate measurements when sectioning a specimen
44
Advantages and disadvantages for formalin as a fixing agent?
Formalin reacts w/ AA of tissue and stabilizes structure from further deterioration. HOWEVER, formalin is not good for fine cytological detail but can preserve whole specimen.
45
Purpose for dehydration and hydration cycles in tissue processing?
Dehydrated to remove water /t embedding w/ hydrophobic paraffin-water must be removed
46
Advantages of rotary microtome over hand-held?
More precise cutting...but heat is produces and specimen can get sticky
47
Sectioning for TEM differ from paraffin embedded?
Section cut to 50-150 nm using diamond knives. Can't handle specimen d/t too fragile. Floated to holder using copper grid...electrons don't pass through copper. Holes in grid allow e to pass,
48
Why is it preferred tissues stained for obs?
ANimal tissues are typically colorless. Except Fe in hemoglobin
49
What are steps necessary for staining of paraffin embedded specimens
1. Remove paraffin w/ xylene 2. remove xylene w/ series of alcohol down to water 3. Stains applied 4. dehydrated again w/ series of alcohol 5. alcohol removed w/ xylene 6. Cement drop and cover slip applied
50
Components of most common staining technique for tissues in general?
H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin used to view strutural features
51
Hematoxylin characteristics
Comes from logwood.stains nuclear material dark purple/blue
52
Eosin characteristics:
Acid dye: Stains most of the cytoplasmic components and extracellular a yellowish/pinkish/red color
53
BAsic dyes characteristics:
React w/ anionic groups (phosphates/caroboxyls) Ex; methyl green, toludine blue, pyronine G, methylene blue
54
Acid dye characteristics:
Binds w/ cationic tissues (amino groups) Ex: mallory's triple stain, acid fuchsin, aniline blue, eosin, orange G
55
MEtachromasia:
A dye that changes color after reacting w/ a tissue component
56
Example of metachromatic stain.
Toludine blue used for ground substance or mast cell gramules
57
What is histochemistry?
Chemistry of cell and tissues
58
immunochemistry
Study presence of specific tissue constituents (antigens) by using monoclonal antibodies
59
Schiff reaction
Reacts to aldehyde groups following exposure to HCl or periodic acid
60
Feulgen rxn vs PAS[periodic acid-Schiff reaction]
Fuelgen: hydrolysis w/ HCl exposes aldehyde groups on DEOXYRIBOSE forms pinkish color. PAS: periodic acid forms aldehyde groups too but btw adjacent carbons of CARBOHYDRATES [not deoxyribose]
61
CLinical use for Periodic acid Schiff rxn:
Biopsies

Histology (13 decks)

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