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Histology > [2] Lecture 15- Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 15- Hematopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

May proliferate extremely well

Self-renewing

May differentiate into several (≥2 diff. Cell types)

May reconstitute tissues after injury

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Gives rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development)

A

Totipotent cell

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3
Q

Ex of totipotent cell:

A

A zygote

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4
Q

Gives rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues

A

Pluripotent cell

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5
Q

Ex of pluripotent cell

A

Embryonic stem cell

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6
Q

Gives rise to different cell types of a given lineage

A

Mulitpotent cells

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7
Q

Ex of multipotent cell:

A

Adult stem cells

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8
Q

Derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst

Pluripotent-differentiate to all cell lineages

Technical and ethical limitations

May be induced from adult tissues

A

Embryonic stem cells

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9
Q

Harvested from mature organs/tissues [marrow]

Multipotent

More restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.

A

Adult stem cells

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10
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:
Islands of hematopoiesis are found in the yolk sac wall

Give rise to nucleated RBCs

No leukocytes form during this phase

A

2-8 Weeks gestation

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11
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:
Hematopoiesis 1st occurs in the liver and then the spleen

Normally ceases around the time of birth

A

8-28 weeks gestation

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12
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:

Hematopoeisis occurs in red bone marrow

A

6 months to birth and beyond

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13
Q

Inner cell mass= embryo proper has what developmental capacity?

A

Multipotent

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14
Q

Marrow at birth:

A

All the marrow is red marrow at birth

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15
Q

_______ is the source of all blood cells

A

Red marrow

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16
Q

Prior to puberty, where is red marrow located?

A

Skull, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles,pelvis, long bones

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17
Q

After puberty, where is red marrow located?

A

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles and pelvis

Same as p/t puberty except for long bones

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18
Q

In certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen. What is this called?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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19
Q

Over time what happens to marrow?

A

Most marrow is converted to yellow marrow

Red marrow usually is restricted to sternum and iliac crests

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20
Q

Synthesizes and secretes hematopoietic growth factors

Contains fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, and endothelial cells

A

Stroma

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21
Q

Consists of various lineages of hematopoietic cells in diff. Stages of differentiation

The stage the blood cell is residing in

A

Parenchyma

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22
Q

Endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial and venous vessels

Provides access for mature blood cells to move into circulation

A

Sinusoids

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23
Q

Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids

A

Hematopoietic cords

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24
Q

Distribution of hematopoietic cells in parenchyma:

A

60% in granulocytopoiesis
30% in erythrocytopoiesis
10% in thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, and lymphocytopoiesis

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25
Myeloid / erythroid ratio
Total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis / total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis
26
Normal myeloid/erythroid ratio:
3:1
27
Diseased myeloid/erythroid ratio:
Chronic myelogenous leukemia- 8:1 Polycythemia- 1:5
28
Migrate from the hematopoietic cords through the sinusoidal endothelial walls into the sinusoids
Mature blood cells
29
These are too large to translocate and must remain in the stroma -site for platelet production
Megakaryocytes
30
All things necessary in cell must be present for what?
The cell to carry out its niche
31
Pluripotent Can self-renew Produce 2 kinds of multipotential precursor cells Cannot be identified by morphology only by cell surface markers
Hematopoietic stem cells
32
How do you identify hematopoietic stem cells:
Cell surface markers not by morphology/appearance
33
2 kinds of multipotential precursor cells:
Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell
34
Gives rise to all blood cell lines except lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cell
35
Gives rise to lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cell
36
Myeloid stem cells give rise to 5 kinds of colony-forming units:
``` Erythroid CFU Megakaryocyte CFU Basophil CFU Eosinophil CFU Granulocyte-macrophage CFU ```
37
Derived from myeloid stem cells but produces red blood cells
Erythroid CFU
38
Derived from myeloid stem cells but produces platelet-forming cells
Megakaryocyte CFU
39
Why is it not surprising the neutrophils and macrophages are produced by same CFU
Theyre both phagoctyic in function
40
3 myeloid stem cell derivatives that used GM-CSF (granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor
BEG: Basophil Eosinophil Granulocyte-macrophage
41
Hormone that initiates RBC production from erythroid CFU
Erythropoietin
42
Hormone that initiates PLT production from megakaryocyte CFU
Thrombopoietin
43
SFC
Stem cell factor or c-kit ligand
44
Basophil and Eosinophil become
Myeloblast
45
Granulocyte-macrophage CFU becomes:
Neutrophils and monoblasts
46
Myeloid stem cells have what level of developmental capacity
Pluripotent
47
Granulocyte-macrophage CFU becomes:
Macrophages and neutrophils
48
Basophil CFU becomes
Basophils and Mast cells
49
What feature of basophils are so large they make the nucleus?
Cytoplasmic granules
50
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to 2 cell lines:
T-cell and B-cell progenitors
51
Matures in the thymus
T-cell
52
Matures in the bone marrow
B-cell
53
What does the B in b-cell stand for?
Bursa of fabricius
54
Macrophage series sequence:
Monoblast-> Promonocyte-> Monocyte-> Macrophage
55
Neutrophil series sequence:
``` Myeloblast-> Promyelocyte-> Myelocyte-> Metamyelocyte-> Band cell-> Neutrophil ```
56
Eosinophil and Basophil CFU series:
``` Myeloblast-> Promyelocyte-> Myelocyte-> Metamyelocyte-> Band Cell-> Eosinophil/basophil (Bcomes mast cell) ```
57
Magekaryocyte CFU series:
Megakaryoblast-> Megakaryocyte-> Platelets
58
Erythroid CFU series:**
``` Proerythroblast-> Basophilic erythroblast-> Polychromatophilic erythroblast -> Orthochromatic erythroblast-> Reticulocyte-> Erythrocyte ```
59
Why is it called a reticulocyte
Stained appearance looks as if there is ER or reticular component in cell.
60
What specific organ releases erythropoietin?
Adrenal cortex- renal
61
Uptake of iron internalization:
1-ferrotransferrin binds transferrin receptor dimer-and phosphorylates 2-ferrotransferrin-transferrin complex endocytosis 3-Endosome low pH dissociates Fe3+ from transferrin. Release Fe3+into cytosol. 4-Fe3+ Unbound transferrin-now apoferritin- recycled by exocytosis by transferrin receptor
62
Produced by endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells
Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines
63
Hematopoietic growth factors are what structural type?
Glycoproteins
64
3 major type of hematopoietic growth factors:
1. Colony-stimulating factors 2. Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin 3. Cytokines (primarily interleukins)
65
Granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) Monocyte colony-stimulating factor
Colony- stimulating factors One of the major types of hematopoietic growth factors
66
Stimulates granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis
Granulocyte/ monocyte colony-stimulating factor Note: monocyte colony-stimulating factor commits CFU-GM to monocytic pathway
67
Directs CFU-G to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
68
What are the 2 CSF that can be used to Tx neutropenia
Granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
69
Directs CFU-E to proliferate and differentiate into proerythroblasts
Erythropoietin
70
What is produced in the kidney as a response to low o2 sat?
Erythropoietin
71
Any abnormal increase in RBC mass resulting from hypoxia and stimulating release of erythropoietin:
Secondary polycythemia
72
Causes of secondary polycythemia:
Tetralogy of fallot And Cigarette smoke
73
Directs formation of megakaryoblasts
Thrombopoietin
74
Thrombopoietin in produced in:
PCT of kidney And Parenchyma cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver
75
What is therapeutic use of thrombopoietin?
There is no therapeutic use of thrombopoietin
76
Mediate + and - effects on cellular quiescence, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation.
Cytokines
77
Cytokines engage in
Specific receptors And Activate a variety of signaling pathways
78
Ex of cytokines:
Interleukin-3 GM-CSF Fit-3 ligand Kit ligand
79
Where does heparin sulfates, collagens, laminin, and fibronectin regulate hematopoitic growth?
Heparin sulfates, collagens, laminin, and fibronectin regulate hematopoiesis in the extracellular matrix
80
Regulate blood trafficking and homing to sites of need
Chemokines
81
Chemokines may serve as
+ or - growth regulators Tells blood cells where to go
82
What binds to guanine-coupled transmembrane receptors?
Chemokines
83
Ex of chemokines:
Sdf-1

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