1 parcial

Question 1

what stands for OPVL and what does every word mean

Answer 1

develops criticism and historial awareness. Helps students value quality of source.

1. origin: who, when, where and what
2. purpose: why and for who was created
3. value: conclusion in the 4 variables
   - origin (primary, secondary)
   - author (official, non-official)
   - audience (public, private)
   - purpose (direct, indirect)
4. limitations: define this 3 bias the author (nationality, income, education) context (political, intentions, goals) and source (translations, editions, fragments)

Question 2

define the 4 variables of Value in a OPVL (origin, author, audience, purpose)

Answer 2

1. origin
   - primary: was written by a witness or a memory of the event
   - secondary: based on primary sources
2. author
   - official: the author is known (legal, hereditary)
   - non-official: author just participated or studied event
3. audience
   - public: general audience, open to public
   - private: specific audience
4. purpose
   - direct: historical data is obvious
   - indirect: reader must read and understand

Question 3

Absolutism occurred between the 16th and 17th centuries. Since they had a lot of conflicts caused by RELIGIOUS differences they invented absolutism. What is absolutism?

Answer 3

absolute power of a single ruler. Doctrine or belief in which a monarch / dictator holds COMPLETE power over a country.

facts
- ruler can’t be checked by anyone

Question 4

What’s the divine right of kings?

Answer 4

believe that the power rulers / monarchs received was directly from God and they could only respond to him.

Question 5

Known as “the Sun King”.

Answer 5

Louis XIV

Ruler of France (absolutist ideology) He saw himself as “source of light”

Had complete control over national / foreign policy, the church and taxes.

Question 6

Who where the huguenots?

Answer 6

French protestants. Seen as thread to the monarchy and stripped them from political and military rights, churches and closed schools.

Question 7

What happened after the death of Queen Elizabeth I?

Answer 7

the Tudor dynasty ended and her cousin King James Stuart ascended the throne.

Question 8

In what did James I believed?

Answer 8

he believed in his divine right as King and started leaving the crown and Parliament out of the picture.

Question 9

Who where the Puritans?

Answer 9

English protestants. Did not like the king’s deep connections with the church.

Question 10

When James I dies his son ______ becomes king.

Answer 10

Charles I

FACTS
- he also believed in the divine right of kings.

Question 11

1. In 1628 Parliament passed a _______ which placed limits on the king’s power
2. ______ ignored these limitations.
3. Puritans are also known as _______

4.

Answer 11

1. petition of rights
2. Charles I
3. Pilgrims

Question 12

1. Cavaliers where

2. Roundheads where

Answer 12

1. supporters of the king

2. supporters of parliaments

Question 13

Who was Oliver Cromwell and what happened after his death

Answer 13

leader of roundheads. After his death his son Charles II restored the monarchy. (this was known as the restoration period) and the begging of the end pf Absolutism.

FACTS

• executed by Charles I.
• declared England a Commonwealth (type of republic) and set up a military dictatorship.

Question 14

Liberalism and the expansion of the industrial society took place in the 15th and 18th centuries.

What led to the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 14

1. middle ages (natural philosophers, scientists)

2. renaissance (humanists and mathematics)

Question 15

The Scientific Revolution was known by

Answer 15

new contributions in the fields of math, chemistry, astronomy, biology, and physics.

new ways of thinking about everything (existentialist philosophies, politics, sociology economics and religion)

these ideas made it possible to people to base findings through reason rather than dogma

tHe cHuRch Is shAKkiiiinNgBitch

Question 16

Theory of Nicholas Copernicus

Answer 16

heliocentric theory: sun at the center and the rest of the planets orbiting it.

after him people believed in the GEOCENTRIC THEORY (ptolemaic system) states that the Earth was the center of the universe.

Question 17

what did Johannes Kepler discovered

Answer 17

that the motion of the Earth and the rest of the planets was ELLIPTICAL rather than spherical. (the sun at the end of the ellipse)

Question 18

famous Galileo Galilei what did he invented?

Answer 18

the telescope. Church hated him because of his ideas

Question 19

What did the next people from the scientific revolution where known for

1. Issac Newton
2. William Harvey
3. Blaise Pascal
4. Margaret Cavendish
5. Maria Winkelman
6. René Descartes
7. Francis Bacon

Answer 19

1. universal law pf gravitation
2. dissecting human bodies (show that the heart was responsible for the circulation pf blood)
3. pascal’s law, syringes (any pressure applied to a liquid inside a closed space will transmit that pressure)
4. natural philosopher
5. discovered a comet
6. I think therefore I am (father of modern rationalism)
7. created the scientific method and empiricism

Question 20

The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement of intellectuals that were influenced by the Scientific Revolution.

FACTS

• used the scientific method to understand life
• reason, natural law, hope and progress were common guiding themes.

What was the role of philosophy and reading?

Answer 20

the role was to change the world. The use of reason and rational criticism were to be applied to everything from religion to politics

Question 21

English philosopher that had a very pessimistic view of human nature.

Answer 21

Thomas Hobbes

Question 22

What did the next people from the enlightenment where known for

1. John Locke
2. Montesquieu
3. Voltaire
4. Jean Jacques Rousseau
5. Mary Wollstonecraft
6. Denis Diderot
7. Adam Smith

Answer 22

1. everyone is born with tabula raza (blank mind) and the natural rights (life, liberty and property) if the gov. fails to protect these rights the people should set up their own government
2. separation of powers (executive, legislative and judicial)
3. freedom of religion and speech
4. social contract (society agrees to be governed by its general will)
5. women’s right (1900)
6. encyclopedia (weapon of knowledge)
7. laissez - faire (modern economics, independent economy) and wealth of nations (army, police and public works)

Question 23

what is political liberalism

Answer 23

directly influenced by the ideas pf the enlightenment. enlightenment thinkers saw the American revolution as a confirmation of what had been suggested

• bill of rights
• constitution
• federal system Montesquieu

Question 24

Bill of rights is proposed by

Answer 24

John locke

Question 25

The french revolution was more violent and complex. It’s constitution championed what natural rights

Answer 25

- liberty, security property resistance to oppression - all men are equal before the law - elections for public office should be based on talent and capacity - no group should be exempt from taxation - freedom of speech and of the press

Question 26

french revolution 😃😃😃😃😃😃 so 1st ENLIGHTENMENT 2nd ABSOLUTISM 3rd ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM then what bitch

Answer 26

American revolution and independence (1776) enlightenment ideas where the majority of the philosophers were french king Louis XVI IS IN POWER ^^^^ great x3 grandosn of Louis XIV “sun king”

Question 27

important ideas of montesquieu, voltaire and rousseau

Answer 27

Montesquieu: the spirit of the laws (separation of powers) Voltaire: Treatise on toleration (religious tolerance) Rousseau: social contract (society should be governed by the general will of all citizens)

Question 28

causes of revolution 9 causes

Answer 28

1) social inequity and division 2) bourgeoisie and nobles resented privileges of monarchical system 3) french enlightenment philosophers criticized social conditions 4) collapse of french budget 5) (1787, 1788) food shortages 6) slowdown of manufacturing led to rising food prices and unemployment 7) despite economics crisis, King and his ministers continued to spend lavishly 8) queen Marie Antoinette spent a lot 9) budget goes into total crisis by helping the Americans gain independence

Question 29

compare the 3 states of the french revolution

Answer 29

1st state - clergy (church) - 130,000 out of 27 million - 10% of land - paid no taille 2nd state - nobility - 350,000 out of 27 million - 25% to 30% of land - paid no taille 3rd state - Bourgeoisie, city workers - 2 million out of 27 million - 80% where farmers

Question 30

France tax system is divided into three which are

Answer 30

1) taille: property tax (rural peasants) 2) gabelle: salt tax (some regions) 3) vingtiéme: income tax (1/20 of a person’s income: poor and middle class)

Question 31

The third state was occupied by

Answer 31

1) peasants: owned certain duties to the nobles 2) city workers: craftspeople, shoe keepers 3) bourgeoisie: merchants, bankers, industrialists, lawyers, doctora and wtiters.

Question 32

what is the national assembly

Answer 32

body established by the 3rd state to draft constitution

Question 33

stormingOfBatsille

Answer 33

900 Parisians gathered in the courtyard of the bastille and rebels cut the warden’s head off demolished the fortress. Paris thus falls under the control of the rebels 3rd estate

Question 34

revolts started breaking out. Peasants rebellions became part of the great fear what happened next

Answer 34

rumors spread from village to village that troops were on the way to put down the revolution. peasants fearing these rumors broke into the houses of lords and destroyed records pf their obligations. End of the old regime

Question 35

declaration of rights of man and of the citizen. what about it

Answer 35

- inspired by the bill of rights and the declaration of independence and constitution - advocated for basic liberties like liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression

Question 36

what did the declaration of the rights of men and citizen proclaimed

Answer 36

- all men were free and equal - public office should be based on talent - no group should be exempt from taxation - freedom of speech and of the press - women were executed

Question 37

october 5 | october 6

Answer 37

5: thousands of Parisians armed with weapons marched to versailles 6: the royal family returns to paris