1 - Water And Carbon

Question 0

Rank the following chemicals (most negative to least) based on their electro-negaitivity
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Answer 0

Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon = hydrogen

Question 1

What are the most abundant elements on earth?

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

Question 2

Describe a covalent bond

Answer 2

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared

Question 3

Why do atoms make bonds?

Answer 3

To achieve stability

A desire to have their outermost shell full; therefore stable

Question 4

Describe the valance electron

Answer 4

The electrons which react = in the outermost shell and are unpaired

Question 5

What are the different types of bonds?

Answer 5

Covalent bonds
Non-polar bonds
Ionic bonds 
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds

Question 6

Explain electro negativity

Answer 6

Some molecules hold electrons more tightly than others. One side of a molecule will be charged positive and the other side more negative like H2O

Question 7

Describe a non-polar covalent bond

Answer 7

The electrons are shared =
Symmetrical
H-H

Question 8

Describe covalent bond

Answer 8

Electrons are shared

Question 9

Describe what is going on with the electrons in a polar covalent bond

Answer 9

Electrons are not shared equally
Asymmetrical sharing
Change of charge on either side of the molecule

Question 10

Describe an ionic bond

Answer 10

Where electrons are transferred from one atom to another -> stable outermost shell
Has </> protons so each atom has a charge cause by balance between protons and electrons
NaCl

Question 11

Describe hydrogen bond

Answer 11

Occurs when the positive H which is part of a polar covalent bond is attracted to another charged negative atom in another polar bond
Takes energy to break that bond to change it’s structure

Question 12

What are the six properties of water?

Answer 12

cohesion
adhesion
surface tension
less dense when in solid form
high capacity for absorbing energy
solvent

Question 13

describe cohesion

Answer 13

binding between molecules - helps them stay together

Question 14

describe adhesion

Answer 14

binding of unlike molecules

ie glass and water

Question 15

describe solvent

Answer 15

ions and polar molecules become surrounded by H2O molecules -> dissolve due to partial charges
and agent for getting substances into a solution

Question 16

describe surface tension

Answer 16

more ordered @ air - H2O interface
resistance from H2O to depress water surface
has an elastic membrane

Question 17

Describe what’s going on with H2O and energy

Answer 17

it takes lots of energy to heat water because the first step is to break the H bonds

Question 18

Is H2O more or less dense when comparing it in a liquid form to a solid

Answer 18

It is more dense as a solid therefore it floats

the molecules forms a crystal lattice because of the H bonds with the H2O molecules

Question 19

How does Magnesium act as a laxative?

Answer 19

Mg+2 attracts the H2O molecules because of it’s polarity, the water is drawn from the surrounding tissue therefore moistening the stool and helping elimination

Question 20

Which molecule is in the shape of a V

Answer 20

H2O

Question 21

Name the four types of bonds in range of strongest to least

Answer 21

Non-polar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond
ionic
hydrogen

Question 22

Name which type of bond best describes the following:
It occurs with the positive Hydrogen which is part of a polar covalent bond, when attracted to another charged negative atom in another polar bond

Answer 22

hydrogen bond

Question 23

Describe what happens to the water molecules as NaCl disolves into h20

Answer 23

the H2O lines up so that the electronegative side of the molecule lines up with the Na - O
and conversely with the Cl where the H lines up around it

Question 24

What does a base do?

Answer 24

accepts H bonds

Lowers the pH concentration

Question 25

What does an acid do?

Answer 25

an acid is a proton donor, it raises the hydrogen ion concentration in H2O & raises the proton concentration

Question 26

Carbon is a very important substance for life on earth, it is the most _________ substance on earth

Answer 26

versatile

Question 27

What atom enables large complex molecules to exist?

Answer 27

Carbon - it has 4 free places in its valance shell there for is very adaptable

Question 28

function follows _______

Answer 28

form

Question 29

List out the 5 carbon groups

the functional groups that make things happen

Answer 29

Amino & carboxyl
carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Phosphate
sulphryl