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[General Biology I] > 10: Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

10: Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

A

anaphase

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2
Q

prokaryotic cell division process

A

binary fission

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3
Q

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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4
Q

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

A

cell plate

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5
Q

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

A

cell-cycle checkpoint

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6
Q

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

A

centriole

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7
Q

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

A

centromere

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8
Q

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

A

chromatid

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9
Q

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

A

cleavage furrow

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10
Q

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

A

condensin

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11
Q

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with CDKs to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins - fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

A

cyclin

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12
Q

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

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13
Q

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

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14
Q

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

A

diploid

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15
Q

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

A

FtsZ

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16
Q

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

A

G0 phase

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17
Q

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

A

G1 phase

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18
Q

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

A

G2 phase

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19
Q

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

A

gamete

20
Q

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

A

gene

21
Q

total genetic information of a cell or organism

A

genome

22
Q

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

A

haploid

23
Q

one of several similar, highly conserved, low
molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

A

histone

24
Q

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

A

homologous chromosomes

25
Q

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

A

interphase

26
Q

mitotic nuclear division

A

karyokinesis

27
Q

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

A

kinetochore

28
Q

position of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

29
Q

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes
are aligned at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

30
Q

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

A

metaphase plate

31
Q

(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

A

mitosis

32
Q

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

A

mitotic phase

33
Q

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

34
Q

subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

A

nucleosome

35
Q

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

A

oncogene

36
Q

(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

A

origin

37
Q

cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

A

p21

38
Q

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

A

p53

39
Q

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

A

prometaphase

40
Q

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

A

prophase

41
Q

normal gene that when mutated becomes
an oncogene

A

proto-oncogene

42
Q

refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

A

quiescent

43
Q

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

A

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

44
Q

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

A

S phase

45
Q

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

A

septum

46
Q

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

A

telophase

47
Q

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

A

tumor suppressor gene

[General Biology I] (15 decks)

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