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[General Biology I] > 15: Genes and Proteins > Flashcards

15: Genes and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

modification added to the 5’ end of pre mRNAs to protect mRNA from degradation and assist translation

A

7-methylguanosine cap

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2
Q

enzyme that “charges” tRNA molecules by catalyzing a bond between the tRNA and a corresponding amino acid

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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3
Q

three-nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to an mRNA codon

A

anticodon

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4
Q

(GGCCAATCT) essential eukaryotic promoter sequence involved in binding transcription factors

A

CAAT box

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5
Q

states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins

A

central dogma

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6
Q

three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

A

codon

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7
Q

in terms of RNA and protein, three “units” of RNA (nucleotides) specify one “unit” of protein (amino acid) in a consecutive fashion

A

colinear

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8
Q

DNA sequence that is used by many species to perform the same or similar functions

A

consensus

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9
Q

prokaryotic RNA polymerase consisting of α, α, β, and β’ but missing σ; this complex performs elongation

A

core enzyme

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10
Q

(of the genetic code) describes that a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet; the code is degenerate, but not ambiguous

A

degeneracy

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11
Q

nucleotides following the initiation site in the direction of mRNA transcription; in general, sequences that are toward the 3’ end relative to a site on the mRNA

A

downstream

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12
Q

sequence present in protein-coding mRNA after completion of pre-mRNA splicing

A

exon

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13
Q

complex that “facilitates chromatin transcription” by disassembling nucleosomes ahead of a transcribing RNA polymerase II and reassembling them after the polymerase passes by

A

FACT

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14
Q

(GGCG) nonessential eukaryotic promoter sequence that binds cellular factors to increase the efficiency of transcription; may be present several times in a promoter

A

GC-rich box

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15
Q

structure of RNA when it folds back on itself and forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides

A

hairpin

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16
Q

prokaryotic RNA polymerase consisting of α, α, β, β’, and σ; this complex is responsible for transcription initiation

A

holoenzyme

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17
Q

nucleotide from which mRNA synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction; denoted with a “+1”

A

initiation site

18
Q

in prokaryotes, called ; in eukaryotes, called tRNAi; a tRNA that interacts with a start codon, binds directly to the ribosome P site, and links to a special methionine to begin a polypeptide chain

A

initiator tRNA

19
Q

non–protein-coding intervening sequences that are spliced from mRNA during processing

A

intron

20
Q

determines the correct initiation AUG in a eukaryotic mRNA; the following consensus sequence must appear around the AUG: 5’-GCC(purine)CCAUGG-3’; the bolded bases are most important

A

Kozak’s rules

21
Q

one of the three mRNA codons that specifies termination of translation

A

nonsense codon

22
Q

strand of DNA that is not used to transcribe mRNA; this strand is identical to the mRNA except that T nucleotides in the DNA are replaced by U nucleotides in the mRNA

A

nontemplate strand

23
Q

(ATTTGCAT) nonessential eukaryotic promoter sequence that binds cellular factors to increase the efficiency of transcription; may be present several times in a promoter

A

Octamer box

24
Q

RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50S ribosomal subunit and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

A

peptidyl transferase

25
Q

extrachromosomal, covalently closed, circular DNA molecule that may only contain one or a few genes; common in prokaryotes

A

plasmid

26
Q

modification added to the 3’ end of pre mRNAs to protect mRNA from degradation and assist mRNA export from the nucleus

A

poly-A tail

27
Q

mRNA molecule simultaneously being translated by many ribosomes all going in the same direction

A

polysome

28
Q

cluster of transcription factors and other proteins that recruit RNA polymerase II for transcription of a DNA template

A

preinitiation complex

29
Q

DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription

A

promoter

30
Q

sequence of triplet codons in mRNA that specify a particular protein; a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction completely abolishes synthesis of that protein

A

reading frame

31
Q

in prokaryotes, termination of transcription by an interaction between RNA polymerase and the rho protein at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template

A

rho-dependent termination

32
Q

termination sequence-dependent termination of prokaryotic mRNA synthesis; caused by hairpin formation in the mRNA that stalls the polymerase

A

rho-independent

33
Q

direct alteration of one or more nucleotides in an mRNA that has already been synthesized

A

RNA editing

34
Q

(AGGAGG); initiates prokaryotic translation by interacting with rRNA molecules comprising the 30S ribosome

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

35
Q

short tail of amino acids that directs a protein to a specific cellular compartment

A

signal sequence

36
Q

molecules synthesized by RNA polymerase III that have a variety of functions, including splicing pre-mRNAs and regulating transcription factors

A

small nuclear RNA

37
Q

process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA

A

splicing

38
Q

AUG (or rarely, GUG) on an mRNA from which translation begins; always specifies methionine

A

start codon

39
Q

conserved promoter sequence in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that helps to establish the initiation site for transcription

A

TATA box

40
Q

strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule

A

template strand

41
Q

region of locally unwound DNA that allows for transcription of mRNA

A

transcription bubble

42
Q

nucleotides preceding the initiation site; in general, sequences toward the 5’ end relative to a site on the mRNA

A

upstream

[General Biology I] (15 decks)

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