10: Health and Illness Flashcards
(27 cards)
Epidemiological vs sociological approach
epidemiological: biomedical mechanisms driving health patterns, distribution causes and effects drive health outcomes
sociological: social factors (relationships, institutions etc) influence health
upstream social determinants of health
factors that lead to better/worse health -> education vs lack of education, discrimination
downstream social determinants of health
health behaviors -> exercising, seeking out doctor
*determined by upstream
second sickness
illness due to societal factor
poor with preventable disease -> no access to healthcare, societal ill on top of physical illness
social ecological model
person’s health embedded within many contextual layers
individual: family: peer groups: neighborhood: school/work: sociopolitical context
health in all policies
integrates health into policy decisions to improve overall population health
life course perspective
children of great depression -> long lasting impacts on life
life span development -> life builds on each other
time and place
timing - formative periods
period that significantly shapes a person’s development
linked lives
interconnectedness of individuals’ lives through relationships
SES gradient in health
Excellent health → more educated, bachelor’s degree
Good health → more even
Poor health → high school diploma
SES as fundamental cause
one determiner for health is socioeconomic status
gender differences in morbidity vs mortality
women -> higher morbidity
men -> higher mortality
“women get sicker, while men die quicker”
structural sexism
exposure to this for men and women is both bad for their health
causes of racial disparity in health
racism and discrimination lead to stress
implicit bias among healthcare workers
structural inequality in healthcare -> lack of access since usually provided by employer (lower jobs with no healthcare)
structural inequality in exposure to health risks (working lower jobs -> dangerous)
medical distrust
how illness/disability are socially constructed
the process of defining what is an illness and disability is social
social control -> norm is to be fully “abled”: anything outside of this is considered disabled
- deaf people -> norm: communicate orally, but there is deaf communication - why isn’t this a norm?
labeling -> impacts how people think about themselves ie “abled” vs “disabled”
contested illness
illnesses that are written off that shouldn’t be ie long covid
medicalization
process by which non medical problems/behaviors are defined and treated as medical conditions
sick role
when people are sick, we expect them to behave in certain ways
stigma and fault
decline in stigma of people with certain mental health illnesses
increase in stigma of schizophrenia
effects of health/illness/disability of life chances
affects income, education, and family
ex) child with iep for school -> school less likely to respond to their enrollment instead of no iep
US health and health spending comparatively
US -> spends the most per capita on health care with one of the lowest life expectancy rates (76)
out of pocket model
funding mechanism: private individuals
insurance role: none
provider: private
access to care: limited to those who can afford it
ex) US - uninsured people
beveridge model
funding: gov via taxes
insurance role: none
provider: public
access to care: universal, no cost to patient
ex) UK
bismark model
funding: employer/employee payroll taxes
insurance role: nonprofit, highly regulated
provider: private
access to care: universal, patient may have co pays
ex) US (for some)
