02 Research Methods

Question 1

history of research ethics

Answer 1

nazi experimenting -> nonconsensual, toture, no context for patients

Question 2

Nuremberg code principles

Answer 2

beneficence -> minimize suffering and harm to research subjects

scientific validity -> potential scientific benefits of research has to be made clear

voluntary consent -> subjects consent, leave at any time

premature closure -> study end if discover high risks to subjects

Question 3

IRB

Answer 3

institutional review board that approves and supervises studies

protect privacy and confidentiality

Question 4

quantitative methods

Answer 4

numbers, counts, amounts

precise and generalizable

how much & how many questions

patterns, hypothesis

stats

Question 5

examples of quantitative methods

Answer 5

experiments, surveys

Question 6

qualitative methods

Answer 6

words, experiences, visual, feelings

deep and detailed

answers “why” and “how”

social context

interpretive

Question 7

examples of qualitative method

Answer 7

interviews, participant observation, ethnography

Question 8

experiments

Answer 8

control environment to isolate effects of one item

Question 9

experiment strengths

Answer 9

pretty confident in effect of one element we’ve isolated

Question 10

experiment cons

Answer 10

not all topics able to study this way
not sure if subjects would act this way in real world

Question 11

surveys

Answer 11

set of questions subjects respond to

Question 12

survey strengths

Answer 12

quick and cheap
can be done online, phone, person, mail
lots of data from many people

Question 13

survey weakness

Answer 13

hard to get responses
wording issues

Question 14

interviews

Answer 14

semi structured or open ended

Question 15

interview strengths

Answer 15

allows researcher to dig deeper, individual or group

Question 16

interview cons

Answer 16

dependent on interviewer
wording issues

Question 17

participant observation/ethnography

Answer 17

research observes and studies subjects directly in social world they exist in

Question 18

participant observation/ethnography strengths

Answer 18

detailed info about how people act in certain context
personal understanding of what it feels like to take part in that social world

Question 19

participant observation/ethnography weaknesses

Answer 19

can be time consuming & expensive
study small amount at time

Question 20

historical and content analysis

Answer 20

existing sources (tv show, newspaper etc)

Question 21

historical and content analysis strengths

Answer 21

show how topic is presented in media
study issues in past through historical records

Question 22

historical and content analysis weaknesses

Answer 22

cant control quality of data

Question 23

independent variable

Answer 23

causes a change

Question 24

dependent variable

Answer 24

affected by the independent variable

item we are trying to explain

Question 25

hypothesis

Answer 25

statement about how you believe variables are related

Question 26

operationalization

Answer 26

how we convert variables into items that can be measured

Question 27

sample

Answer 27

representative group of larger population, chosen from sampling frame

Question 28

sampling frame

Answer 28

list of people or things that could be selected for sample

Question 29

random sample

Answer 29

knows amount in population, randomly picks people from pop, allows generalization

Question 30

non random sample

Answer 30

doesnt ensure that all members in pop have chance of being chosen

Question 31

spurious relationship

Answer 31

relationship appears casual but isn't -> some outside variable is the cause

Question 32

validity vs reliability

Answer 32

validity -> study measured what it was supposed reliability -> measures are consistent

Question 33

external validity

Answer 33

extent to where you can apply findings of one group to others

Question 34

social desirability bias

Answer 34

response bias that happens when people answer surveys based on what they think they should say over what actually is