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Parenting & Socialisation > 10: Parental Psychopathy > Flashcards

10: Parental Psychopathy Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is the prevalence of common mental health disorders (CMD) in the adult population in England?

A

1 in 6 adults

CMD includes anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD

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2
Q

What percentage of women and men with a mental illness are parents?

A

68% of women and 57% of men

(Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014)

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3
Q

What percentage of UK parents of children aged 0-4 reported struggling with mental health since becoming a parent?

A

63%

(UNICEF UK, Early moment matter report, 2024)

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4
Q

What are the common perinatal mental health problems affecting women during pregnancy and the first year after childbirth?

A

Anxiety, depression, PTSD

Affects between 10-20% of women

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5
Q

What is the biggest predictor of parental psychopathy?

A

Existing mental health condition

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6
Q

List some risk factors for parental mental health issues.

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • Lack of social support
  • Poor maternity pay and job flexibility
  • Child disability or health problems
  • Unplanned pregnancy
  • Younger age of mother
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7
Q

What are some protective factors against parental mental health issues?

A
  • Supportive partner
  • Supportive family
  • Job security
  • Social support
  • Resilience
  • Coping strategies
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8
Q

What characterizes depression?

A

Feelings of hopelessness, despair, and lack of motivation

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9
Q

What is the time frame for postpartum depression (PND) to occur after childbirth?

A

First 4-6 weeks

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of Post-natal Depression (PND)?

A
  • Persistent depressed mood
  • Absence of pleasure
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
  • Social withdrawal
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11
Q

What factors contribute to Post-natal Depression (PND)?

A
  • Psychosocial factors
  • Prenatal depression and anxiety
  • Negative attitudes to pregnancy
  • Lack of social support
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12
Q

What biological factor is associated with Post-natal Depression according to Mawson & Xueyuan (2013)?

A

Accumulation of Vitamin A-related compounds during pregnancy

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13
Q

What impact does Post-natal Depression have on child development?

A
  • Lower cognitive and psychomotor development
  • Poorer language development
  • Associated with behavioural problems
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14
Q

What is the association between paternal PND and child outcomes?

A

Children of fathers with PND have greater emotional and behavioural problems

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15
Q

What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and its prevalence?

A

Affects about 1 in 20 adults in the UK

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16
Q

What is a significant indicator of postpartum anxiety and PND?

A

Anxiety during pregnancy

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17
Q

What characterizes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A

Persistent, obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviours

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18
Q

What is the prevalence of OCD in the UK?

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A

About 1 in 4 adults

19
Q

What are some psychosocial factors contributing to anxiety and OCD?

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A
  • Pre-natal and pregnancy anxiety
  • Perfectionism
  • Lack of social support
  • Stressful life events
20
Q

How does maternal anxiety affect child outcomes?

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A

Maternal anxiety predicts child anxiety

21
Q

What is the impact of eating disorders (ED) on children?

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A
  • Higher emotional and behavioural problems
  • Less requests for food
  • More difficulties in feeding and eating behaviours
22
Q

How many children are living with a parent with anxiety or depression?

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A

Approx. 2.9 million children

23
Q

What are some educational consequences for children living with parents with mental health problems?

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A
  • Absences due to caring for parent
  • Problems concentrating
  • Limited time for homework
24
Q

What is ‘scaffolding’ in the context of parenting?

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A

Parental support that helps a child move from one developmental level to the next

25
What is the effect of negative attribution bias in depressed mothers?
They rate negative infant faces as more negative than non-depressed mothers
26
What is the Kids Time Intervention?
A program designed to help children living with a parent with a mental health problem
27
What does the Family Talk Intervention focus on?
Strengthening communication and problem-solving skills in families
28
What are some critiques of research in the area of parental mental health?
* Focus on heteronormative families * Social stigma affects reporting * Research methods mainly cross-sectional
29
What does the foetal programming hypothesis suggest?
Direct effects of the developing infant's brain from maternal stress
30
What is social stigma in relation to mental health?
Stigma around mental health problems questions the accuracy of reporting ## Footnote Social stigma can lead to underreporting and misrepresentation of mental health issues.
31
What are co-morbidities?
The presence of one or more additional conditions co-occurring with a primary condition ## Footnote Co-morbidities can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues.
32
What is a primary research method mentioned in the text?
Cross-sectional studies ## Footnote These studies are useful for identifying associations but are limited in establishing causality.
33
What does causality consideration involve?
Genetic environmental interactions ## Footnote Understanding how genetic factors and environmental influences affect behavior and development.
34
How does variation in DNA between parents affect parenting?
It is associated with differences in parenting ## Footnote This suggests both environmental mechanisms and genetic influences on parenting styles.
35
What was found in the study by O’Connor et al. (1998) regarding adopted children?
Adopted children with a biological mother having mild antisocial behavior evoked negative parenting ## Footnote This highlights the genetic influence on parenting responses.
36
What does it mean that relationships are bi-directional?
Children’s characteristics shape the parenting they receive ## Footnote Factors include gender, age, temperament, and disabilities.
37
What did Anderson et al. (1986) find about parents of antisocial children?
Parents exhibited increased negativity towards antisocial children ## Footnote This suggests that the child's behavior influences parental responses.
38
What are some confounding factors in a child's environment?
Marital discord, lack of money, education ## Footnote These factors can co-vary with risks affecting child development.
39
What did Belsky (1997) suggest about irritable children?
They may be more susceptible to parenting influence ## Footnote For some children, parental impact may be less significant.
40
What are methodological limitations of the research discussed?
Cross-sectional designs, lack of longitudinal data, accuracy of parental reports ## Footnote These limitations affect the reliability of findings.
41
What is a concern regarding participant recruitment in studies?
Small sample sizes, clinical vs non-clinical participants ## Footnote Difficulty in recruiting a representative sample can bias results.
42
What is a noted bias in the research focus?
Focus on maternal rather than paternal psychopathology ## Footnote This may overlook the role of fathers in child development.
43
What is the association between maternal mental illness and child illness?
Maternal mental illness is linked to child illness ## Footnote Various factors such as genetic, psychological, and environmental may contribute to this association.
44
What is the current state of research on parenthood and psychopathology?
Research is beginning to elucidate links and develop interventions ## Footnote However, many problems with research limitations and inter-related factors remain.

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