10 Pharynx

Question 1

what is the pharynx

Answer 1

passage way which conducts air and food

Question 2

3 parts to the pharynx

Answer 2

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharnx

Question 3

what goes through the nasopharynx

Answer 3

only air

Question 4

what epithelium lines the nasopharynx

Answer 4

respiratory epithelium

Question 5

what are the borders of the nasopharynx

Answer 5

back edge of nasal septum to back edge of soft palate

Question 6

what opening is found in the nasopharynx

Answer 6

auditory tube

Question 7

what is the function of the auditory tube

Answer 7

allows air to enter the middle ear

Question 8

why is it necessary to have air enter the middle ear

Answer 8

because the old air is absorbed by the lining

Question 9

what surrounds the opening of the auditory tube

Answer 9

tubual elevation

Question 10

what causes the tubual elevation

Answer 10

cartilage and lining mucosa which forms the medial end of auditory tube

Question 11

what is the deep recess behind the opening of the auditory tube called

Answer 11

pharyngeal recess

Question 12

why is the pharyngeal recess significant

Answer 12

if there is malignant change here it is hard to spot as such a deep pocket

Question 13

what is lateral to the pharyngeal recess

Answer 13

internal carotid artery (ie need to be careful not to damage if doing surgery at pharyngeal recess)

Question 14

when does the mouth become the oropharynx

Answer 14

palatoglossal fold

Question 15

where is the palatopharyngeus muscle

Answer 15

little muscle which blends with the wall of the pharynx

Question 16

what does the palatopharyngeus muscle do

Answer 16

when you swallow it helps bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx to improve the seal

Question 17

what is the between the two palatoglossal folds

Answer 17

isthmus of fauces

Question 18

where are the palatine tonsils

Answer 18

sit in between the two folds in the tonsillar fossa

Question 19

do children have larger or smaller palatine tonsils than adults

Answer 19

larger as immune system is very active

Question 20

what is the recess in between the tongue and the epiglottis called

Answer 20

vallecula

Question 21

what is the vallecula known for

Answer 21

getting fish bones stuck

Question 22

what is the border of the laryngopharynx

Answer 22

tip of epiglottis to after cricoid cartilage

Question 23

what is the epiglottis made of

Answer 23

elastic cartilage

Question 24

what is the recess below and lateral to the inlet of the larynx

Answer 24

pyriform fossa

Question 25

what is the pyriform fossa known for

Answer 25

getting fish bones stuck

Question 26

what makes up Waldeyer's ring

Answer 26

- pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) - tubal tonsil - palatine tonsil - lingual tonsil

Question 27

what is Waldeyer's ring

Answer 27

an interrupted series of tonsils round the start of the airways for protection

Question 28

what do you need to be careful of in a tonsilectomy

Answer 28

the tonsiler branch of the facial artery

Question 29

what epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 29

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

Question 30

why do the vocal folds appear whiter

Answer 30

Different epithelium - they are stratified squamous - surrounding them is pseudostratified columnar

Question 31

what movements do the vocal folds make

Answer 31

``` Abduct = move apart Aduct = move together ```

Question 32

what muscle aducts (moves apart) the vocal folds

Answer 32

inter arytenoid muscle

Question 33

what muscle abducts (moves together) the vocal folds

Answer 33

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 34

what produces sounds and vowels

Answer 34

vibration of vocal folds

Question 35

what produces constanants

Answer 35

shape of lips and tongue

Question 36

what are the boundaries of the larynx

Answer 36

- epiglottis | - arepiglottic fold

Question 37

Describe the cough reflex

Answer 37

- something hits around the vocal folds - vagus nerve supplies the mucosa of the larynx - deep breath comes in (diaphragm) - vocal folds aduct to close the larynx - glottis is the airway at the level of the vocal folds so its that which comes together so the glottis folds - forced expiration (abdominal muscles contract, diaphram relaxes)

Question 38

what changes the pitch of someones voice

Answer 38

- Higher note increases frequency of vibrations which involves cricothyroid joint - When cricothyroid muscle contracts causes the thyroid cartilage to tilt slightly just enough to increase the tension of the vocal folds so the pitch increases. - Cricothyroid muscle supplied by the vagus nerve

Question 39

if there was malignancy on the vocal folds where would the lymph drain to

Answer 39

deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 40

how would a patient breathe during an operation on their vocal folds

Answer 40

planned airway created at 2nd, 3rd and 4th rings of trachea