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BDS3 Head and neck anatomy > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the view called when looking down on top of the skull

A

norma verticalis

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2
Q

what bones can we see in norma verticalis

A
  • frontal bone
  • right parietal bone
  • left parietal bone
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3
Q

what is the suture called which divides the frontal bone up to the age of about 3 years

A

metopic suture

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4
Q

what is the prominent part on each side of the frontal bone called

A

frontal emenence

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5
Q

what is the prominent part on each of the parietal bones called

A

parietal emenence

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6
Q

what are sutures

A

fibrous joints

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7
Q

how is the vault of the skull formed

A

intramembranous ossification

  • mesenchymal cells differentiate into oseteyoblasts
  • the bone is laid down in membrane
  • there is no cartilage precursor
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8
Q

what suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones

A

coronal suture

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9
Q

what suture separates the parietal bones

A

sagital suture

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10
Q

what do you call the opening in a baby’s head where the coronal and sagital sutures meet

A

anterior fontanelle

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11
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

around 18 months

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12
Q

how do older and younger peoples sutures differ

A

younger - more open sutures with fibrous tissue

older - fibrous tissue replaced by bone, tend to ossify

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13
Q

what are the 2 holes at the back of the parietal bones for

A

parietal foramen

- carries a vein between the skull and the inside of the head

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14
Q

what is the view from behind the skull called

A

norma occipiteous

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15
Q

what can you see in norma occipiteous

A
  • right parietal bone
  • left parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • mandible
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16
Q

what is the suture that separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone called

A

lambdoid suture

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17
Q

what are the little bits of bones which are found in sutures called

A

sutural bones/ wormian bones

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18
Q

why do we have sutures

A
  • growth in foetal life as bone can be added on

- allow movement/ overlapping of bones during birth

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19
Q

what is the rough area on the occipital bone called and what attaches beneath it

A

external occipital protuberance

- muscles of neck attach beneath

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20
Q

what is the view from the side of the skull called

A

norma lateralis

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21
Q

what makes up the norma lateralis

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • (pterion)
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22
Q

what is the prominence called on the frontal bone just off the bridge of the nose

A

glabella

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the occipital bone called and where are they found

A
  • squamous part (vault of skull)

- vasler part (base of skull)

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24
Q

what are the 4 parts of the temporal bone called (5??)

A
  • squamous zygomatic part
  • mastoid part
  • tempanic plate
  • styloid process
  • (zygomatic process)
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25
where is the sphenoid bone
floor of cavity and crosses the midline, has a part which extends out to the side of the skull and contributes to the norma lateralis
26
what is the part of the sphenoid bone which contributes to the norma lateralis called
greater wing of the sphenoid bone
27
what is the area where multiple bones meet in the norma lateralis called
pterion
28
what bones meet at the pterion
- frontal - parietal - temporal (squamous part) - greater wing of sphenoid
29
what makes the pterion a vulnerable spot
- particularly thin area of the skull so can fracture fairly easily - middle meningeal artery is inside. If it ruptures it would give an extradural haemorrhage
30
what marks the boundary of the temporal fossa
as far as the inferior temporal line
31
what is the view of the skull from the front called
norma frontalis
32
what bones make up the norma frontalis
- frontal bone - maxilla - right nasal bone - left nasal bone - zygomatic bone - mandible
33
what other bones can we see in the norma frontalis but which don't make up the norma frontalis
- temporal bone - sphenoid bone - lacrimal bone - ethmoid bone
34
what parts of the frontal bone can we see in norma frontalis
- forehead - margins of eyes - roof of orbit
35
what is the place called where the coronal suture meets the sagital suture
bregma
36
features of the maxilla
- suture in midline - part of nasal aperture - lower part of the orbital margin - extends to floor of orbit - bears upper teeth
37
features of right and left nasal bones
- small and thin - border frontal bone, maxilla and each other - upper part of nasal aperture
38
features of zygomatic bone
- prominent part of cheek - lateral wall of orbit - joined to frontal bone and maxilla by sutures
39
basic features of mandible
- single bone - lower teeth - in foetus is in 2 halves
40
what comes through the supraorbital foramen
opthalmic nerve (trigeminal nerve)
41
what comes through infraorbital foramen
infraorbital nerve (maxillary nerve)
42
what comes through the mental foramen
mental nerve
43
how can you work out if someone is unconcious or not
press on supraorbital notch/foramen area, elicits pain (glasgow coma scale)
44
what is the zygomatic process of the maxilla also called
zygomatic butress
45
how many cervical vertebrates are there
7
46
what is the first cervical vertebrate called
the atlas
47
what is the second cervical vertebrate called
the axis
48
what are the 3rd,4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrates called
typical cervical vertebrae
49
what are the components of a typical cervical vertebrate
- body - vertebral foramen - vertebral arch - spinus process of the vertebra - transverse process - intravertable discs - facets
50
what does the body of a typical cervical vertebrate look like
slightly curved, lateral parts rise up further than the central parts
51
what is inside the vertebral foramen in a typical cervical vertebrate
cervical spinal cord, surrounded by meninges and spinal fluid. outside of meninges would be fat and venous plexus
52
what makes up the vertebral arch in a typical cervical vertebrate
pedicle and lamina
53
what does the spinus process look like in a typical cervical vertebrate
splits into 2, pifid spinus process (has 2 prongs to it)
54
what is inside the transverse process on a typical cervical vertebrate
the foramen transversarium
55
what does the foramen transversarium carry
vertebral artery (ONLY C1-C6). C7 has the hole but doesn't carry the artery
56
what is different about C7
- has the foramen transversarium but no vertebral artery goes through it - very obvious large spinous process - much larger than the other C's - not bifid, of thoracic type
57
what are the intravertebal discs made of
rings of firbrous cartliage (fibrocartilage) with soft centre called the nucleus pulposis
58
how are the vertebrate joined together
by intravertebral discs (classified as a secondary cartilage joint/symphosis)
59
where are the facets on typical cervical vertebrate
- out to the side - superior articular facet and underneath is inferior articular process - synovial joint (capsule with synovial fluid, synovial membrane)
60
what disease are facets subject to
diseases of synovial joints - osteyoarthritis. | (osteophyte = bony projection caused by osteyoarthritis)
61
where do spinal nerves leave by in cervical spines
by passing over the pedicle In cervical spine the nerve which is coming out over the top of the pedicle is the one which corresponds to the vertebra e.g. C1 passes over the atlas, C2 over the access, C3 over C3 vertebra, c5 comes over the bone and splits into its ventral and dorsal ramus
62
how do C3,4,5 and 6 differ
C3 4 5 6 look the same but the notch gets bigger because the nerves get bigger as you go down to the brachial plexus which supplies the upper limb
63
what does the atlas look like
- no vertebral body - no spinus process - kidney shaped facets at the sides - transverse process much wider
64
what does the atlas have instead of a body
a bar of bone called the anterior arch of the atlas
65
what does the atlas have instead of spinus process
a tubercle at posterior part called the posterior arch of atlas
66
in the atlas what do they kidney shaped facets accomodate
occipital condyle of the skull
67
what is the prominent process on the axis called
the dens
68
what movement happens between the atlas and the skull
nodding movements (reflection and extension)
69
what movement happens between the atlas and the access
rotation
70
where does the dens of the axis sit
against the arch of the atlas
71
what is the joint between the atlas and the access an example of
a synovial joint of the pivot variety
72
what do the facets at the sides between the atlas and the axis look like and why
flat to allow rotation to happen
73
how do you work out what vertebrate is what
Look for the odontoid process (dens), define the body of the axis (big spinous process can be helpful), then look for the anterior arch of the atlas, then count down the vertebrate from that level.
74
which spinal nerve comes between C7 and T1
C8 | there are 8 cervical nerves but only 7 vertebrate
75
where does T1's nerve come out
below T1 After C8, the nerves come out below the corresponding vertebrates. So T1's nerve comes out below the pedicle and so on for the rest of the verticle column

BDS3 Head and neck anatomy (19 decks)

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