10. The First Civil War 1642 - 46 Flashcards
(8 cards)
Start of Civil War
22 Aug 1642 - Charles declared war on parliament by raising his standard at Nottingham.
Civil War in Scotland
Began w/ Scottish rebellion + Bishops wars. Solemn League and Covenant signed in ‘43, alliance between Pment + covenanters, alienating moderate Scottish nobles into aligning w/ C - e.g. Earl of Montrose. He won several victories in ‘44 - ‘45 but saw little support - eventually defeated by a 6,000 strong covenanter army returning from England at Philiphaugh in Sept 45.
Civil War in Ireland (4)
1) Many old English + Gaelic Irish formed a confederation in May ‘42 - fought Protestants in Ulster + Dublin, commanded by Earl of Ormond.
2) Apr ‘42, 10,000 Scots entered the Earl of Ormond’s command - religious grounds. By late ‘43, they controlled the North + Dublin.
3) Sept ‘43, Ormond signed 1-year truce - C brought 22,000 troops (Catholic + Protestant) , to England to aid him between Oct ‘43 + June 44 - counter productive - reinforced Pmentary propaganda made the alliance between Scots and parliament stronger due to fear of Catholicism.
4) Ormond signed a peace in Mar 46 + in June Owen Roe O’Neill (Gaelic Irish rep) defeated the Scots at Benburb + wasn’t willing to cooperate w/ C
Civil War in England (5)
1) Royalists failed to take London at Turnham Green in Nov 1642 (but saw many victories in ‘43 e.g. Adwalton Moor - didn’t hamper Pmentary forces)
2) Pment won significant battle of Marston Moor in July ‘44, but not taken advantage of effectively - led to Pment reorganising their forces under Cromwell +Fairfax into the NMA. 3) NMA smashed royalists at Naseby in June ‘45 - C’s chance of victory squashed
4) C surrendered on 5 May ‘46 to the Scots (hopes for a better settlement w/ Pment) - but just handed him to Pment + war ended w/ surrender of remaining royalist forces at Oxford in June ‘46.
5) However, in ‘46 C still in a strong position to negotiate a lasting settlement
Royalist Strengths in 1st Civil War (4)
1) Led by a recognised institution and lawful leader (minimal influence)
2) Support from wealthy aristocracy and gentry (Earl of Newcastle) w/ military experience (not enough tho)
3) Focused objective of taking London (failed)
4) War Council of Oxford effective in early yrs of war
Royalist weaknesses in 1st Civil War (3)
1) uncoordinated forces (partly) due to divides between indecisive leadership of C + royal councils (his generals) (poor authority of Oxford war council, couldn’t act decisively)
2) Multiple administrations + leaders didn’t communicate/coordinate - e.g. divisions between aims of total victory (Maria) and compromise (Hyde)
3) lack of discipline in Rupert’s cavalry - nobles
Parliamentary strengths (5)
1) Pment’s war finance - weekly/monthly assessments (direct tax on income - esp. land) , sequestrations (confiscations of royal land), forced loans, exercise duty/tax on goods like beer - paid by all
2) Pmentary alliance w/ Scottish Covenanters in ‘43 (military, religious + political) - given extra forces (Scots sent 21,000 soldiers)
3) Held London - defended by band volunteers in Nov ‘43 - forced army back (TP) - (provides printing press for propaganda, financial services, trained bands, large port, an industrial centre + its administration)
4) Appointed loyal community reps + administration - set up by committee of both Kingdoms (covenanters + Pment) in ‘44 - enables the creation + maintenance of the NMA
5) New model army - PAID - motivated, in a better position to fight.
How many died in the civil war?
3.7% of England’s population
