21. The 'Glorious Revolution: causes, nature and its consolidation Flashcards
(11 cards)
Events leading to Glorious revolution (9)
1) Apr ‘88 - Dec of Indulgence reissued, est. freedom of religion (enacted by law in next Pment - Nov.)
2) J2 orders it to be announced from all CofE pupilts in May + June - PROVOCATIVE - ordering bishops to speak against the Anglican church
3) Archbishop Sancroft (+ 6 bishops) petitioned against pulpit announcement in May (J2’s suspending power = illegal, weren’t even radicals - natural supporters) - J2 sent them to the ToL + put them on trial
4) Judges who argued against J2’s suspending power were dismissed but jury still found Sancroft + 6 Bs not guilty (acquitted in May) - showed Pment could repeal statutes (constitutional jdmt against J2)
5) 10 June ‘88, J2 has son w/ Mary of Moderna - increased opp. - protestant pushed out of succession
6) W3 wanted to invade England to ensure an ally against France
7) 30 June, 5 Whigs (Richard Lumley) + 2 Tories (Danby + Henry Compton) - the immortal 7, wrote to W3 inviting him to invade England (to secure a ‘free Pment’ - elected w/o J2’s interference + investigate the legitimacy of J2’s son) - stated most were ‘dissatisfied w/ the present conduct of gov’
8) 29 Sept - Dutch supports W3’s plan to invade in secret revolution (he saw at the request of the PN) - on the 30th - he declared reasons for appearing in arms in England (didn’t want throne) - wanted England to support League of Augsburg against Louis
9) J2 tried to meet w/ PN to offer concessions (altho did still make an army of at least 25k men outside LND + install weathervane), but W3 landed on Nov 5 (2/ army between 15 - 25k strong + approx. 450 boats) and by 9 occupied Exeter (altho most of the pop didn’t want to get involved)
Events of the W3’s invasion of England (Dec ‘88) (6)
1) 9th - J2 sent wife + son to France
2) 11th - J2 left London (deliberately dropping the Great Seal of England in the Thames - arguably had ‘withdrawn himself’ from Kingship - gave many bishops + peers reason to support W3 (‘no choice’)
3) 11 - 13th - Anti-Catholic riots in LND
4) 23rd - James fled to France (‘vacated the throne’)
5) 24th - Assembly of Peers (provisional gov of Lords in J2’s absence) - invited W3 to take over gov (call repeated by an irregular Whig assembly of all surviving MPs from C2’s Pments on Dec 26) called for elections to est. a convention that would preserve ‘our religion, rights, laws, liberty and property’
6) 29th - Writs for new elections written
The ‘Glorious Revolution’
1) William occupied LND until May 90
2) Convention parliament met on 22 Jan ‘89 w/ 319 Whigs + 232 Tories - sought to justify deposing 1 monarch w/ another
3) Whigs believed J2 had ‘broken the fundamental laws of the constitution’ - forfeited the throne. Tories argued J2 was only ‘incapacitated’ + W3 (+M) should just be regents or W3 should be a consort to M - moderate consensus secured a pragmatic compromis
4) 3 Feb (89) W3 warned (in private) he ‘would go back to Holland’ if not made King - accepted by HoL on 6th Hoc on 8th (w/ provisos: Mary would share title of monarch + any children from a second marriage of W3 would be behind Stuarts (Anne) in succession)
5) Dec. of Rights stated Catholics were never to inherit the crown (constitutional implications of it left deliberately ambiguous + No mention of W3 + M being ‘rightful’ or ‘lawful heirs’)
6) Feb 13 - ceremony offered crown to W3 (Dec. of Rights read aloud) - coronation 11 Apr - swore diff. oath
Why was W3’s invasion a success? (5)
1) skillfull diplomacy minimised the risk that Louis XIV would attack the United Provinces during the invasion + provided defense at Dutch borders for that event
2) the Dutch launched a propaganda campaign to undermine loyalty to James II, focused on the unfounded rumour that his new-born son was illegitimate + James’s autocratic + pro-Catholic gov. in Ireland was his intended model for England
3) Unlike monmouth, W3 didn’t rely upon popular support/uprising - the army he brought to England was small but consisted of United Provinces best troops, veterans + battalions w/ years of experience (3rd Dutch War etc.)
4) Uprising did occur in tandem w/ W3’s invasion - largest Northern rebellion succeeded in capturing York, Scarborough + Hull but elsewhere people, towns + corporations did declare support for W3
5) In LND + Norwich, anti-catholic rioting suggested W3’s arrivad had created a ‘now or never’ moment
Acts post GR (3)
1) Mutiny Act - 28 Mar 89 - prevented the creation of a standing army w/o consent of Pment
2) Toleration Act - 24 May 89 - exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance + denounced transubstantiation + freedom of worship permitted to any Prot. who took oath of supremacy
3) Bill of rights enacted - 27 Jan 90 (watered version of Dec of Rights)
Bill of Rights ‘89 - (6)
watered down version of the Dec. of Rights
1) No catholic to inherit the throne
2) No monarch to marry a catholic
3) No monarch could maintain a standing army during peacetime = illegal
4) No monarch could establish ecclesiastical commissions
5) Suspending powers declared unconstitutional (illegal)
6) Parliament must consent to all taxation (can’t raise w/o Pment)
8) king’s use of dispensing power ‘as it hath been exercised of late’ = illegal
9) Pment must be held on a regular basis (+ ‘free’ elections)
^ limited W3 as a constitutional force (altho not binding or fixed)
Financial settlement (4)
1) 20 March - W3 granted £1.2 million revenue per yr - but half had to be used for civil gov. - W3 immediately went into debt (ordinary expenditure est. at 1.2 mill - as in ‘60)
2) Extraordinary revenue to be voted by Pment for war as + when required
3) custom duties voted for 4 years (by ‘90 Pment) - (like triennial act) - has to keep Pment open + acknowledgement of increase in revenue of customs - in 98 - East India Company exporting cotton goods - so lucrative - supporting 2 companies w/ combined capital of £3.9 million)
4) Million Loan Act of ‘93 and est. of Bank of England in ‘94 secured money for war but the PN underwrote or guaranteed W3’s debt - limited by them
Consolidation of Scotland after GR (5)
1)14 Mar ‘89, W3 summoned to the Convention of Estates, a meeting w/ Scottish elite
2) Voted James had vacated, ‘forfaulted’, the throne and in return for the throne (in attempt to convert the ‘legal limited monarchy’ into an ‘abitrary depostic power’) W3 agrees to abolish prelacy (bishops) in July (Scottish Jacobites refuse to attend)
3) 11 May - W3 + M accepted the Throne + a Jacobite rebellion rose in July ‘89 - Battle of Killiecrankie (defeated in Aug at Battle of Dunkeld) - Fort William est. as a military base to keep military in highlands - conflict officially ends in Treaty of Achallander - June ‘91 (clans took oath of allegiance for full indemnity + given £12k to cover war costs)
4) Scottish Pment secured: repeal of the ‘69 act asserting royal suppremacy over the CofE, act est. Presbyterian Church gov, act abolishing lay patronage (Kirk sessions would decided ministers)
5) Purged 600 ministers in 7 yrs - mark of supreme position of Presbyterians in post-GR Scotland
Consolidation of Ireland after GR (3)
1) March 89, Tyrconnell controlled all of Ireland outside of Ulster.
2) James landed w/ 3000 French troops in Mar ‘89 + William joined in June ‘90
3) Battle of Boyne saw James defeated on 1 July ‘90 - fled to France on 4 July (exile)
Whig interpretation of W3’s invasion
A king ruled under Social contract theory - est. by an implicit agreement that if the King violated, the people (as rep. by Pmnet), had the right to depose him + install a new one - J2 could be declared lawfully overthrown
‘True Whigs’ thought in the end they’d failed to est. a right of rebellion (since J2 had been deposed)
Tory interpretation of W3’s invasion
DRoKs - lawful succession only through primogeniture
If J2 was not to be reinstated w/ restrictions on his power, they’d have to find a formula that would enable them to accept W3 w/ a clear conscience - in no circumstances would they accept J2 had been deposed or overthrown
