7. Divisions over religion 1629 - 40 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Why did Charles choose to rule w/o Pment? (4)
C’s Personal Rule or ‘Eleven Years of Tyranny’ were bc:
1) Pment hadn’t supported him financially - esp. over wars w/ France + Spain
2) Pment had been too critical of Buckingham, forced loans etc.
3) the Petition of Right + 3 Resolutions were seen as a direct challenge to royal authority
4) as a believer in absolutism + the DRoKs, C believed that a stronger monarchy was needed (increased inf. of Henrietta Maria - catholic + from France where King is effectively absolute
On what terms would Charles recall Pment (aims of PR) (3)
1) Relations between the monarch + Pment are improved
2) He’s showed he could manage his finances w/o Parliamentary subsidies (independent) + rule w/o them to reduce their bid for power
3) Religious indiscipline is ended (uniformity + conformity) - i.e. all kingdoms should follow the same religious policies as directed by C
How C increased mistrust through fears of a ‘Popish Plot’ (9)
1) In PR court no longer point of contact between Crown + subjects - seemed to be packed w/ crypto-Catholics e.g. Francis Windebank, secretary of state from ‘32, formal + hierarchical - modelled on Spain (after trip in 1623) makes fears seem legit + scary
2) Henrietta Maria - secret treaty - increases mistrust + catholic chapel – open to the public, served by 28 priests + a bishop, children to be brought up as Catholics until they were 13
3) Emissary (letter of support) from the Pope Dec 1634 – publicly shows how tolerant he is to Catholics – first monarch since reformation to get this – angers puritans
4) Ambassador for the Pope George Con welcomed at Court and took residence in England 1637
5) 1633 Coronation in Edinburgh – high church pomp and ceremony – offending scots almost as much as 7 years he took to get around to doing it
6) Laudianism imposed – popish elements e.g. beauty of holiness
Rise of Laud (6)
Heavily helped by Buckingham’s patronage:
1) Dean of Royal Chapel 1625
2) Privy Council member 1626
3) Bishop of London 1628
4) Archbishop of Canterbury 1633
5) Exploited patronage - William Juxon’s appointment as Lord Treasurer 1636 was seen to be heavily influenced by Laud – felt he was overstepping his position dangerously – creating a dangerous powerful inner circle for Charles – privy council felt even more unrepresentative of puritan values + increased fears of absolutism as Juxon was an Arminian
6) By 1637 v powerful – Bishop Williams fined for attacking Laud’s altar policy
Laudianism (definition)
An Arminian anti-Calvinist approach, rejecting predestination + placing less emphasis on the Bible w/ emphasis on liturgy, ritual + ceremony
How was Laudianism + policy of religious ‘Thorough’ imposed? (10)
1) Beginnings - as Chancellor of Cambridge Uni, Buckingham made all teaching on predestination forbidden - anti-Calvinist
1) 1929 - C orders catechizing replace sermons in parishes
2) Promotion of ‘beauty of holiness’ - through music and decoration (stained glass windows installed)
3) Vestments instead of plain robes - emphasises ritual, decorum + order - hierarchy + authority
4) Communion table moved to east end of Church + railed off as altar - seen as very Catholic, sacred area separates clergy
5) Removal of gentry’s ornamental pews - reinforces Church’s power over PN upsets PN + diminishes their status
6) Strict conformity to the Book of Common Prayer as required by law + 39 Articles - removing emphasis on the bible itself, upsetting Puritans
7) Attack on Feoffees for Impropriations (starting 1626) - Puritan trustees, acquiring parishes (took over 30 - financial power) to provide them w/ ministers - taken (land + money) + banned by Laud in 1633 - dangerously destabilising
8) 1633 Reissue of the book of sports to counter Puritan pressures on Calvinists (seen as greater threat to Church than Catholics)
9) All bishops were to live in their diocese - disciplined clergy increases church standing + control
10) Enforced through visitations + ecclesiastical courts (Court of High Commission)
Laudian Canons 1640
Passed to codify Laud’s measures due to fears the authority of C + Laud was collapsing under Puritan backlash (too late)
Puritanism (definition)
“Hotter sort of Protestants”, sought to purify the Church + removing all popish elements - focusing on the Bible, anti-Catholicism + millenarianism (to diff. degrees)
Puritan opposition to Charles’ personal rule
1) Nov 1630 - preacher Alexander Leighton arrested, ‘Star-Chambered’, flogged, mutilated + imprisoned for life - for
circulating a petition demanding the abolition of episcopacy
2) 1933 - St Gregory’s case the whole congregation of St Gregory’s church London challenge communion table move (catholic + moves family pews) - brought before privy council as a test case
3) 1637 - case of Prynne, Burton and Bastwick (doctor, lawyer + cleric - uni men of gentry status = dangerous/destabilsing) ‘Star-chambered’ accused of sedition for publishing pamphlets attacking Laud + HM - fined £5,000, imprisoned for life, pilloried, branded + ears cropped - Prynne branded S.L. for Seditious Libeller by popularly claimed it stood for Stigmata Laudis (Stigmas of Laud)
4) Feb 1938 - John Lilburne - helped distribute Bastwick’s works - guilty of printing unlicensed literature by Star Chamber - fined + pilloried - in
public - shirtless, tied to a cart + dragged 2 miles from Fleet Prison to Westminster, whipped every few paces + put back in prison
Early imposition of Laudianism in Scotland (2)
Attempts to bring Scotland under the authority of the CofE:
1) 1625 - Act of Revocation - taking land from Scottish landowners through cancelling all grants of royal + church land made since 1540
2) 1625 - Issued a proclamation commanding observation to the Articles of Perth (enforced like J’s never did)
Charles’ later imposition of Thorough in Scotland + its opposition(3)
1) 1633 - finally (after 7 yrs) held his coronation in Edinburgh, conducted w/ High Church pomp + ceremony - offended Presbyterian scots
2) 1636 - issued new canons (w/o discussion w/ the General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk) - altar moved, ministers wear surplice, improvised prayer book banned (prayers from new prayer book - written/signed off by Laud)
3) 1637 - New Prayer Book introduced (conformity + uniformity) to Scotland (w/o consultation w/ Pment or Scot Kirk + introduced bishop rank in Edinburgh, St Giles made cathedral - CATHOLIC) -> riots
Millenarianism (definition)
The doctrine of belief in a future thousand-year age of blessedness, beginning w/ or culminating in the Second Coming of Christ. Many feared Jdmt day was getting closer due to C’s policies causing the end of the world - motivated to take on more political + public roles in late ’30s - destablised balance
Iconoclasms
Began in 1640 – destruction/damage of icons (popish elements) in churches, focused on stained glass – associated with Laud + Catholicism – (but turned people against radical puritans – thought church + monarchy needed to maintain order established in moderate church)
Court of High Commission
(effectively run under laud) – prosecuted ‘persons of honour and great quality’ to punishments such as branding and mutilations for their crimes (handing out anti-Laudian pamphlets) + imposed censorship on pamphlets – Laud using gov. prerogatives to enforce conformity – isolated C + Lauds faction bc sometimes persecuting members of the PN
