14. The consolidation of the Republic Flashcards
(9 cards)
The Council of State (3)
Est. 13 Feb ‘49 - attempt to provide new system of gov (before monarchy + HoL fully dismantled) - formed to under take executive functions (previously undertaken by monarch + Privy Council)
Comprised of:
1) 41 members elected annually by the Rump
2) the maj. were MPs but abt 1/2 had been active supporters of regicide (Rump already retreating from revolution to conservative stance)
3) Only 2 serving officers - OC + Fairfax were elected (deliberately trying to curb political influence of army)
When was the monarchy + HoL abolished?
Mar ‘49 - not until May new constitution confirmed (‘the people of England…are hereby constituted…to be a Commonwealth’)
Engagement Act
Jan 2 ‘49 - forced all males to declare allegiance to the Commonwealth
Treason Act
July ‘50 - made it illegal to deny authority of the Rump
Threats to Rump from abroad
Hostility due to being 1st Republic in Europe - to protect itself from the risk of foreign invasion in support of C2, Rump ordered the construction of 77 new warships + conscripted 1000s of seamen to strengthen navy
Threats to Rump at home (3)
1) Widespread royalist support still existed - Eikon Basilike (published Feb ‘49) reprinted 30 times within a yr of publication - book purporting to be a collection of C’s writings + speeches - painting him as a royal martyr (likely written by his chaplain John Gauden)
2) Rump clamps down on royalist leaders - executing captured ones e.g. Montrose
3) many Leveller leaders imprisoned (e.g. Richard Overton + JL - arrested Mar 49 for inciting Leveller mutinies, tried for high treason in Oct ‘49 - acquitted (imprisoned?), fined £3,000, ordered to pay damages + sentenced to lifelong banishment in Jan 1652 - returned in ‘53, imprisoned in ‘55(- death in ‘57)) + attempt to stamp out socially dangerous immorality e.g. sects like Ranters + Anabaptists in Acts against Adultery + Blasphemy in May + Aug ‘50 (+ soldiers urinated + baptised horses in Anabaptists Churches in disrespect)
Threats from Scotland + Ireland (2)
Both potential bases for C2 to launch invasion
1) Scots proclaim C2 as King on 5 Feb ‘49 - appalled by execution (+ still wanting CI’s proposition of separation between church + state)
2) Even whilst continuing the rebellion, the regicide united Irish Anglicans + Catholics in support of the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy
Rump’s Military Campaign in Ireland ‘49 (Pacification of Ireland) (3)
1) Micheal Jones - Commander of Pment’s Irish forces helped contain threat of royalist invasion
2) OC led NMA troops (10,000?) to Ireland in July (after defeating Levellers) - stormed Drogheda + slaughtered the Royalist (Catholic?) garrison for its refusal to surrender (later attacked Wexford) - punishment for 1641 rebellion?, reduce threat?, exploit financially - seized land (famine ensued)
3) Declared to Irish clergy in Jan ‘50 that they were the anti-Christ
Military Campaign in Scotland (3rd CW) (9)
1) Aug ‘50 - OC promoted to Lord General (Fairfax resigns) + dispatched to Scotland for 3rd CW
2) C Stuart agreed to take the covenant + introduce Presbyterianism in England (to be crowned King in Scotland)
3) Leaders of Kirk hostile to Independents (got rid of PPs) so rejected agreement through negotiation
4) English army trapped in Dunbar - deprived of supplies + weakened by disease (prepared to die - only 11,000/16,300 remained - pinned down by a 20,000 strong Scottish army)
5) Daring counter-assault by OC = victory at Dunbar on Sept 3 ‘50 (killed 3k, captured 10k Scots - largely due to Leslie (Scot army lead) ‘s mistakes + impatience)
6) OC viewed victory at Dunbar as evidence of God’s approval + blessing of the new order (Thomas Harrison prayed for Cromwell in Dunbar)
7) C2 invades of England aiming for LND (little support as he marches - lost support of 7k men before starting - doesn’t promote stability)
8) C cut off + destroyed by OC at Worchester (delayed til OC arrives by Thomas Harrison + 4k Englishmen + only 200 NMA men killed) on Sept 3 ‘51 (anniversary of Dunbar) w/ ‘God’s crowning mercy’ - secures regime for the foreseeable + NMA as God’s instrument
9) C escapes to France
