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DAT BIO > DAT bio Chapter 2! cells and organelles > Flashcards

DAT bio Chapter 2! cells and organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main things in a cell membrane?

A

phospholipids; cholesterol; proteins

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral; peripheral

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3
Q

what proteins are embedded in the core of the plasma membrane

A

integral

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4
Q

many integral proteins are _____ proteins, meaning they extend all the way through the membrane

A

transmembrane

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5
Q

integral/transmembrane proteins may function in cell _____, but most tend to transport _____ molecules across the cell membrane

A

signaling; large, polar (hydrophilic)

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6
Q

membrane proteins that do not extend through the entire bilayer

A

peripheral

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7
Q

what are 3 common types of membrane proteins?

A

receptors; adhesion proteins; recognition proteins

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8
Q

recognition proteins are also known as

A

glycoproteins

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9
Q

what is a common example of a recognition peripheral protein?

A

major-histocompatibility complexes (MHC molecules)

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10
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect membrane fluidity?

A

temperature; cholesterol; the degree of phospholipid tail unsaturation

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11
Q

what kind of particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion

A

small, uncharged, non-polar (hydrophobic)

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12
Q

simple diffusion is the flow of substances _____ their concentration gradient in a _____ consuming process

A

down without the use of energy. Goes from high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

A type of simple diffusino

A

osmosis

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14
Q

What molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer

A

large, hydrophilic. the inside of the bi layer is hydrophobic

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15
Q

facilitated transport

A

integral proteins allow larger, hydrophilic molecules to cross the cell membrane

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16
Q

what are the three main types of facilitated transport (direction)?

A

uniport; symport; antiport

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17
Q

uniporters

A

move 1 molecule in 1 direction

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18
Q

symporters

A

move 2 molecules in the same (1) direction

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19
Q

antiporter

A

move 2 molecules in opposite (2) directions

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20
Q

what are the two classes of transmembrane proteins involved with facilitated transport?

A

channel and carrier

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21
Q

What are channel proteins

A

open tunnels that face both sides of the bi layer (facilitated transport)

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22
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind to molecule on one side and changes shape to bring it to the other side

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23
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Type of facilitated transport
performed by channel proteins
NO energy is used
just like simple diffusion but uses protien channel

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24
Q

Examples of passive diffusion

A

aqua porins for hydrophilic and ion channels for ions

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25
Q

two types of active transport

A

primary and secondary

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26
Q

Active transport is what

A

helps substances travel against their con gradient by requiring the consumption of energy by carrier protiens

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27
Q

sodium potassium is primary or secondary active transport

A

primary

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28
Q

primary active transport uses what

A

ATP hydrolysis to pump molecules against their con gradient

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29
Q

Secondary active transport uses what

A

free energy released when other molecules flow down their concentration gradient

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30
Q

Sodium potassium exchanges how many potassium for sodium

A

3 Na for 2 K

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31
Q

cytosis

A

bulk transport of large, polar (hydrophilic) moleculesrequires energy!. Active transport

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32
Q

what are the 2 directions of cytosis?

A

endocytosis (in the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell)

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33
Q

is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials

A

phagocytosis

cellular eating

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34
Q

during phagocytosis, the cell membrane will project _____ to wrap around the solid

A

outward

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35
Q

phagocytosis forms

A

vacuoles (phagosomes)

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36
Q

type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials

A

pinocytosis

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37
Q

during pinocytosis, the cell membrane will _____ around the liquid

A

invaginate

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38
Q

pinocytosis forms

A

vesicles

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39
Q

certain non-steroidal hormones target cells via which pinocytosis mechanism?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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40
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell membrane wrapping around an extracellular (coming outside the cell membrane) substance, internalizing it into the cell as a vesicle or a vacuole (rememebr video)

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41
Q

organelles are enclosed by a _____.

A

phospholipid bilayer. Organelles are also cellular compartments

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42
Q

membrane-bound organelles are predominately associated with which cell type?

A

eukaryotes

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43
Q

Cytosol

A

aqueous intracellular fluid where the organelles reside

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44
Q

Cytosol + organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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45
Q

the nucleus contains an aqueous

A

nucleoplasm

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46
Q

T/F only eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound oranelles

A

True

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47
Q

What happens in the nucleus

A

DNA replication and transciription

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48
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

“cell” membrane of the nucleus. Contains two phospholipid bilayers . One inside and one outside. In the middle lies the perinuclear space

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49
Q

what is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes?

A

perinuclear space

50
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

provides structural support to the nucleus and regulates DNA and cell division.

51
Q

What is the nuclear lamina made of

A

intermediate filaments

52
Q

the _____ is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear lamina

53
Q

the nuclear envelope has holes called _____ that allows molecules to travel in and out or the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

54
Q

the _____ is a dense region in the nucleus, associated with ribosomal subunit assembly

A

nucleolus (the inner circle inside the nucleus)

55
Q

is the nucleolus an organelle?

A

no - it is not membrane bound

56
Q

ribosomal subunits are made up of 2 things

A

ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA); proteins

57
Q

eukaryotic _____ are assembled in the nucleoplasm and then exported from the nucleus to form the complete ribsome in the cytosol.

A

ribosomal subunits

58
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

translation

59
Q

Are ribosomes organelles

A

no… they carry out translation. They are made up of ribosomal subunits

60
Q

what is the structure of a eukaryotic ribosome?

A

60S + 40S = 80S

61
Q

what is the structure of a prokaryotic ribosome?

A

50S + 30S = 70S

62
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER

63
Q

free-floating ribosomes do what

A

tend to make proteins that function in cytosol of the cell

64
Q

ribosomes embedded

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) do what?

A

make proteins that are sent out of the cell or to the

cell membrane.

65
Q

ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins

A

into the rough ER lumen

66
Q

the rough ER is continuous with the _____, which means the ER lumen is continuous with the _____

A

outer membrane of the nuclear envelope; perinuclear space

67
Q

Proteins made by the embedded ribosomes are sent where?

A

in the lumen (inside of the rough ER) for modifications. Afterwards they are sent out of the cell to become part of the cell membrane

68
Q

Smooth ER is not continuous with other membranes T/F

A

TRUE

69
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

make lipids, produce steroid hormones, and detoxify cells

70
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus made of and what does it do?

A

Cisternae (flattened sacs)

modify and package substances.

71
Q

Vesicles coming from the ER reaches what face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

the Cis face. Side closest to the ER of the GOLGI apparatus

72
Q

Vesicles leaving the Golgi apparatus leaves from what face?

A

Trans face (side closest to cell membrane

73
Q

Lysosomes

A

are membrane-bound organelles that
break down substances (through hydrolysis)
taken in through endocytosis.

74
Q

what kind of enzyme does lysosomes contain

A

acidic digestive enzymes

75
Q

Who carries out autophagy and what is it?

A

Lysosomes. breakdown of the cell’s own machinery for

recycling) and

76
Q

Who carries out apoptosis

A

Lysosomes. programmed cell death

77
Q

Transport vacuoles

A
  • transport materials

between organelles.

78
Q

Food vacuoles -

A

temporarily hold endocytosed

food, and later fuse with lysosomes.

79
Q

Central vacuoles

A

very large in plants and
have a specialized membrane called the
tonoplast (helps maintain cell rigidity by
exerting turgor). Function in storage and
material breakdown).

80
Q

Storage vacuoles -

A

store starches, pigments,

and toxic substances.

81
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

found in single-celled
organisms and works to actively pump out
excess water.

82
Q

Function of the endomembrane system

A

group of
organelles and membranes that work together to
modify, package, and transport proteins and
lipids that are entering or exiting a cell.

83
Q

the endomembrane system includes

A

nucleus, rough and smooth ERs, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell
membrane.

84
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes perform hydrolysis, break down

stored fatty acids, and help with detoxification.

85
Q

What process generate hydrogen peroxide?

A

Peroxisomes breaking down stored fatty acids

86
Q

What enzyme does peroxisomes contain that quickly breaks down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

A

catalase

87
Q

Mitochondria is what

A

power house of the cell. Produces ATP

88
Q

Chloroplasts do what and where are they found

A

in plants and carry out photosynthesis

89
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles

90
Q

What does a cytoskeleton do?

A

provides structure and function

within the cytoplasm.

91
Q

what are Microfilaments

A

smallest structure of the
cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double helix
made of two actin filaments. involved in cell movement

92
Q

Function of microfilament

A
  1. Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming) - ‘stirring of
    the cytoplasm’; organelles and vesicles travel
    on microfilament “tracks”.
  2. Cleavage furrow - during cell division, actin
    microfilaments form contractile rings that split
    the cell.
  3. Muscle contraction - actin microfilaments
    have directionality, allowing myosin motor
    proteins to pull on them for muscle
    contraction.
93
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

more stable than microfilaments. Bigger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. Main job is structural support. Ex keratin, lamins

94
Q

Microtubules

A

largest in size and give structural integrity to cells. hollow walls made of tubulin protein dimers. functions also in cell division, cilia, and flagella

95
Q

What two motor proteins

transport cargo along microtubules.

A

kinesin and dynein

96
Q

What helps organize microtubule extensions in eukaryotic cells?

A

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

97
Q

What are centrioles

A

hollow cylinders made of nine
triplets of microtubules (9x3 array). Centrosomes
contain a pair of centrioles oriented at 90 degree
angles to one-another. They replicate during the S
phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell
after cell division has one centrosome.

98
Q

What are cilia and flagella

A

have nine doublets of microtubules with two singles in the center 9+2.

99
Q

What produces cilia and flagella

A

basal body

100
Q

The extracellular matrix provides what

A

mechanical support for cells

101
Q

Extracellular matrix components

A 
proteoglycan
collagen
integrin
fibronectin
laminin
basal lamina
102
Q

proteoglycan (ECM)

A

type of glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbohydrates

103
Q

Collagen (ECM)

A

most common structural protein (organized into collagen fibrils)

104
Q

integrin ECM

A

transmembrane protein that facilitates ECM adhesion and signals to cells how to respond to the extracellular environment

105
Q

Fibronectin ECM

A

protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with signal transduction

106
Q

Laminin ECM

A

similar to fibronectin! influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement. MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE BASAL LAMINA (Which is a layer of the ECM secreted by epithelial cells

107
Q

The structure of cell walls

A

carbohydrate based structures that act like a substitute ECM because they provide structural support to cells that either do not have ECM or have a minimal ECM

108
Q

Where are carbohydrate based structures found?

A

plants (cellulose)
fungi (chitin)
bacteria (peptidoglycan
and archae

109
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

glycolipid/glycoprotein coat found mainly on bacterial and animal epithelial cells. Helps with adhesion, protection, and cell recognition.

110
Q

What does the cell matrix junctions connect?

A

The ECM and cytoskeleton

111
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Connects the ECM to actin-based microfilaments in the cytoskeleton

112
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

connect the ECM to the keratin intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

113
Q

What does cell to cell junctions connect

A

Connect adjacent(side by side) cells

114
Q

Tight junctions (cell to cell junctions)

A

form water tight seals between cells to ensure substances pass through cells and not between them

115
Q

Desmosomes (cell to cell junctions

A

provide support against mechanical stress. Connects neighboring cells using intermediate filaments

116
Q

Adherens junctions (cell to cell junctions

A

connect the ECM to the keratin intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

117
Q

Gap junctions (cell to cell junction

A

connect the ECM to the keratin intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

118
Q

Two unique cell to cell junctions in plants

A

Middle lamella - sticky cement similar in
function to tight junctions.
2. Plasmodesmata - tunnels with tubes between
plant cells. Allows cytosol fluids to freely travel
between plant cells.

119
Q

What is isotonic solutions?

A

extracellular and intracellular environments have the same solute concentrations.

120
Q

What is hypertonic solutions?

A

If the solute concentration outside a cell were higher, it would be called a hypertonic environment. Here, water will leave the cell via osmosis in an attempt to reduce the solute concentration outside the cell. The loss of fluid causes the cell to shrivel.

DAT Pro-Tip: if a cell in a hypertonic environment has a cell wall (as in a plant cell), the cell membrane will dehydrate/shrink away from the cell wall in a process called plasmolysis.

121
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

If the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than it is inside the cell, the environment is hypotonic. In this case, water will travel via osmosis from the external environment and into the cell. In this way, an animal cell will swell and eventually burst in a process called lysis.

122
Q

What is lysis

A

Bursting of a cell when too much water enters

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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