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DAT BIO > DAT bio Chapter 11.8 digestive system > Flashcards

DAT bio Chapter 11.8 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular digestion

A 
within cells (eg:
amoeba pseudopods bring food inside
its single cell for digestion)
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2
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

outside of cells
(eg: humans digest food then brings
nutrients into its cell for further
processing)

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3
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

physical breakdown

of food

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4
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

chemical breakdown

of food, using enzymes.

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5
Q

whats in saliva that helps break down starch into maltose?

A

salivary amylase

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6
Q

what does the pharynx separate into?

A

the trachea and esophagus

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7
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

blocks the opening to the trachea, prevents choking

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8
Q

Food goes down what tube

A

esophagus (tube structure that guides food to stomach

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9
Q

How is the food pushed down?

A

using peristalsis (rhythmic waves of contraction)

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10
Q

Structure of eophagus

A

The upper third of the esophagus
consists of skeletal muscle, the lower third
consists of smooth muscle, and the middle third
is a mixture of the two.

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11
Q

Food enters the stomach using what

A

cardiac sphincter

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12
Q

Function of cardiac sphincter and structure

A

Its a ring of muscles

that also churns food (mechanic) and breaks down protein and fat using enzymes (chemical)

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13
Q

Stomach lining is filled with what

A

gastric pits that leads to gastric glands

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14
Q

What protects the stomach lining from acid?

A

mucus that is produced from mucous cells

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15
Q

Food entry causes the stomach to _____,
signaling _____ to release ______, a hormone
with two functions:

A

distend
G cells
Gastrin

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16
Q

Gastrin has what 2 functions

A
  1. Stimulates parietal cells to release
    extremely acidic gastric juice
  2. Stimulates chief cells to secrete gastric
    lipase (breaks down fats to fatty acids +
    glycerol) and pepsinogen (a zymogen -
    an inactive enzyme precursor) which is
    activated to pepsin in acid. Pepsin cleaves
    peptide bonds (proteins → amino acids).
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17
Q

What is chyme

A

(acidic, semi-digested food) that goes from stomach to small intestine

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18
Q

Chyme exits to the small intestine using what

A

pyloric sphincter.

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19
Q

Small intestine is responsible for what

A

for 90% of digestion and nutrient

absorption.

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20
Q

small intestine is composed of 3 parts

A

duodenum (digestion), jejunum, and ileum (absorption) -

remember DJ Eye (D > J > I).

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21
Q

What protects small intestine from the highly acidic chyme

A 
goblet cells (secrete mucus)
And secretin (hormone) which is secreted by the entry of Chyme. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release basic
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). into the duodenum using the pancreatic duct. Since HCO3 is basic, it neutralizes the acidic chyme
22
Q

What hormone is released by small intestine to let other accessory glands know that its time to act

A

Cholecytokinin (CKK)

23
Q

Effects of CKK

A

intestine slows gastric emptying (inhibits transfer of stomach contents to the small intestine)( tells the stomach give me a sec to get ready), stimulates
pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and tells
gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.

24
Q

Name three Accessory organs in the digestive system

A

pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

25
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

produced by liver and stored and concentrated in the gall bladder

26
Q

Pancreas secretes what 3 things

A

HCO3-
(neutralization),
pancreatic amylase (breaks starch down into → maltose) and
proteases (proteins → amino acids).

27
Q

What 2 things make up the pancreatic proteases

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

28
Q

What is trypsin and chymotrypsin initially release as?

A

zymogens

29
Q

What in the duodenum converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which then converts
chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.

A

Enteropeptidase

30
Q

Food is moved using ____- to the _____ and ____ for ______

A

peristalis
jejunum
ileum
absorption

31
Q

What is vili made of

A

enterocytes which are lined by microvilli.

32
Q

What does villi and microvilli do

A

increase surface

area and absorption efficiency.

33
Q

What is the invaginations in the intestinal wall that contains cells
that secrete enzymes and produce new epithelial
cells for the lining.

A

Crypts

34
Q

inside the villus, what is absorbed into blood capillaries and fats into ____

A

nutrients are absorbed

fats into lacteals

35
Q

What is a bolus

A

food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

36
Q

Other than bile production, what does the liver do?

A

blood maintenance
glucose metabolism
protein metabolism

37
Q

What is blood maintenance

A 
Stores blood.
● Filters and detoxifies blood coming
from the digestive system via the hepatic
portal system.
● Destroys erythrocytes and bacteria.
Kupffer cells (phagocytes) eat bacteria
and break down hemoglobin in red
blood cells (red) to bilirubin (yellow) for
secretion in the bile.
38
Q

What is Glucose Metabolism

A 
Glycogenesis - converts excess glucose
into glycogen for storage in the liver
(after meals).
● Glycogenolysis - breaks down glycogen to
glucose for bodily use (between meals).
● Gluconeogenesis - converts glycerol and
amino acids into glucose when glycogen
stores are depleted.
39
Q

What is Protein Metabolism

A 
1)Synthesizes plasma proteins from amino
acids (albumin and blood clotting
factors).
 2)Converts ammonia (dangerous byproduct
of protein metabolism) into urea (safer) for
excretion.
40
Q

Where does water and mineral absorption happen in the large intestine?

A

cecum (small pouch)

41
Q

What is the appendix in the large intestine?

A

A small protrusion from the cecum. Also known as the vestigial structure that can being inflamed (appendicitis) due to lack of care

42
Q

After the cecum, where does the digested food and water go?

A

to the colon

43
Q

What happens in the colon

A

water absorption is completed, hardened feces.

44
Q

Where is the feces stored

A

In the rectum and expelled through the anus

45
Q

What bacterias serves as a critical function in aiding digestion/

A

microbiome

46
Q

Large intestine has 3 functions

A
  1. Water absorption.
  2. Mineral absorption (salts).
  3. Vitamin production and absorption: in a
    mutualistic relationship, bacteria produce
    vitamins B and K (absorbed), metabolize
    bile acid, and ferment fiber.
47
Q

Salivary amylase is —-:produced by

: function

A

salivary glands in the mouth

starch to maltose

48
Q

Gastric lipase
:produced by
: function

A

chief cells in stomach

fats - glycerol and fatty and aciid

49
Q

pepsinogen is later activated to pepsin
-:produced by
: function

A

chief cells in stomach

proteins to amino acids

50
Q

pancreatic amylase
-:produced by
: function

A

pancreas

starch to maltose

51
Q

enteropeptidase
-:produced by
: function

A

duodenum

trypsinogen to trypsin

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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