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DAT BIO > DAT bio Chapter 3. Cellular Energy > Flashcards

DAT bio Chapter 3. Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Refers to all the metabolic pathways (series of chemical reactions) that are happening in a given organism

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2
Q

Catabolic processes

A

breaking down larger molecules for energy

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3
Q

Anabolic processes

A

using energy to build larger macromolecules

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4
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Break down carbohydrates for energy. (consumes oxygen, more energy produced)

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5
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

no oxygen needed, but less energy prodcued

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6
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

RNA nucleoside triphosphate. It contains an adenine
nitrogenous base linked to a ribose sugar (RNA
nucleoside part), and three phosphate groups
connected to the sugar (triphosphate part).

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7
Q

What is the cellular energy currency?

A

ATP

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8
Q

What makes ATP a good cellular energy currency

A

due to its high energy bonds between the phosphate groups. These bonds release energy upon hydrolysis (breaking bonds)

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9
Q

Reaction coupling

A

process of powering an
energy-requiring reaction with an energy-releasing
one. It allows an unfavorable reaction to be
powered by a favorable reaction, making the net
Gibbs free energy negative

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10
Q

Is ATP stable or unstable

A

unstable

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11
Q

ATP hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and spontaneous T/F?

A

True

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12
Q

Which organelle produces ATP through cellular respiration?

A

MItochondria

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13
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

Double membrane. Meaning it has a outer and inner membrane. Inner membrane contains many infoldings called cristae

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14
Q

Where is the intermembrane space located in the mitochondria?

A

located between the outer and inner membranes

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15
Q

Where is the mitochondrial matrix located

A

inside the inner membrane

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16
Q

Summary of endosymbiotic theory

A

Eukaryotes developed when aerobic bacteria were internalized as mitochondria while PHOTOSYNTHETIC bacteria became chloroplasts.

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17
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

A

includes size
similarities and the fact that mitochondria and
chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA and
ribosomes.

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18
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration involves what 4 catabolic processes?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate manipulations
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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19
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration? (catabolic processes) uses oxygen

A

Phosphorylate ADP to ATP by breaking down glucose and moving electrons around!

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20
Q

In Glycolysis it makes…

A

Glucose makes
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

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21
Q

Where does glycolysis take place and does it require oxygen

A

cytosol and it does not require oxygen

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22
Q

What is the process used to generate ATP in glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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23
Q

What happens in substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate group is transferred to ADP directly from a phosphorylated compound

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24
Q

Glycolysis has 2 phases

A

Energy investment and energy payoff phase

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25
Q

In pyruvate manipulation it makes….

A 
2 pyruvates make
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Acetyl-CoA
If only one pyruvate it would only make one of each product
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26
Q

What enzyme carries out the pyruvate manipulation

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

3 steps of pyruvate manipulations ( Look at picture in the book)

A
  1. DECARBOXYLATION - Pyruvate molecules (3
    carbon molecule) move from the cytosol into
    the mitochondrial matrix (stays in the cytosol
    for prokaryotes), where they undergo
    decarboxylation, producing 1 CO2 and one
    two-carbon molecule per pyruvate.
  2. OXIDATION - The two-carbon molecule is
    converted into an acetyl group, giving
    electrons to NAD+ to convert it into NADH.
  3. COENZYME A (CoA) - CoA binds to the acetyl
    group, producing acetyl-CoA.
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28
Q

What does krebs cycle make

A 
2 acetly- CoA makes
4 CO2
6NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
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29
Q

Where does the kreb cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol for prokaryotes

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30
Q

Where does pyruvate manipulations take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

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31
Q

Kreb cycle

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate (four-carbon)
    to form citrate (six-carbon).
  2. Citrate undergoes rearrangements that
    produce 2 CO2 and 2 NADH.
  3. After the loss of two CO2 , the resulting
    four-carbon molecule produces 1 GTP through
    substrate-level phosphorylation.
  4. The molecule will now transfer electrons to 1
    FAD, which is reduced into 1 FADH2 .
  5. Lastly, the molecule is converted back into
    oxaloacetate and also gives electrons to
    produce 1 NADH.
  6. Two acetyl-CoA molecules produce 4 CO2 + 6
    NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP.
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32
Q

How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule within glycolysis?

A

2!

Since 2 ATP are used up in the energy investment phase and 4 ATP are produced in the energy payoff phase, a net of 2 ATP

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33
Q

What other molecules can be modified to enter cellular respiration?

A

other types of carbs, fats, and proteins

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34
Q

Common molecules that enter during glycolysis

A

other carbohydrates

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35
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

release of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen

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36
Q

disaccharides can under hydrolysis and release how many carbohydrate monomers?

A

2 monomers that can enter glycolysis

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37
Q

What is the preferred energy source for

A

carbohydrates. There are easily catabolized and are high yield

38
Q

glycogenesis

A

reverse process. conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver when energy and fuel is sufficient

39
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver and muscle cells

40
Q

fats are present in the body as

A

triglycerides

41
Q

What is require to first digest fats into free fatty acids and alcohols. What is this process called?

A

lipases

lipolysis

42
Q

The digested pieces of fats are absorbed by what?

A

enterocytes in the small intestine and reform triglycerides

43
Q

What is the cell that that store fat (triglycerides)
and have hormone-sensitive lipase enzymes to
help release triglycerides back into circulation as
lipoproteins or as free fatty acids bound by a
protein called albumin.

A

adipocytes

44
Q

What is the lipoprotein transport structures
formed by the fusing of triglycerides with proteins,
phospholipids, and cholesterol. They leave
enterocytes and enter lacteals, small lymphatic
vessels that take fats to the rest of the body.

A

chylomicrons

45
Q

Can a glycerol molecule undergo a conversion to enter glycolysis when it travels to the liver?

A

yes

46
Q

Making of new glucose in the liver by glycerol is called what

A

gluconeogenesis

47
Q

What is the least desirable energy source?

A

proteins, due to lots of energy being spent just to get them into cellular respiration

48
Q

If protein has to be used cellular respiration, what happens?

A

protein must be broken down into amino acids which much undergo oxidative deamination (removal of NH3) before shuttled to various parts of cellular respiration

49
Q

Ammonia Nh3

A

toxic, must be converted into uric acid or urea and secreted from body.

50
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron carriers (NADH+FADH2) + O2 equals ATP+ H20

51
Q

electron transport chain (ETC) and
chemiosmosis (ions moving down electrochemical
gradients) work together to produce what

A

ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

52
Q

In the electron transport chain, what acts as the final electron acceptor and gets reduced to form water?

A

oxygen

53
Q

Location of the electron transport chain in eukaryotes

A

The mitochondrial inner membrane

54
Q

Location of the electron transport chain in prokaryotes

A

cell membrane

55
Q

How many protein complexes are responsible for moving electrons through a series of oxidation - reduction reactions in the Electron transport chain?

A

4

56
Q

How is electrochemical gradient formed?

A

As the series of redox reactions occurs,
protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix
to the intermembrane space,

57
Q

The intermembrane space is highly acidic or basic?

A

acidic

58
Q

In ETC, ____ is more effective than _____

A

NADH and FADH2, NADH also drops electrons off directly at complex-I, regenerating
NAD+

59
Q

For FADH2, where does it drop off its eletrons?

A

complex-II,
regenerating FAD.this results in the
pumping of fewer protons due to the bypassing of
complex-I.

60
Q

Chemiosmosis goal:

A

Use the proton
electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) to
synthesize ATP.

61
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

channel protein that provides a
hydrophilic tunnel to allow protons to flow down
their electrochemical gradient (from the
intermembrane space back to the mitochondrial
matrix).

62
Q

The spontaneous movement of protons

generates energy to do what

A

convert ADP + p to ATP, a condensation reaction that is endergonic (requires energy + nonspontaneous)

63
Q

Is aerobic respiration endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic, with a ΔG = -686

kcal/mol glucose.

64
Q

The estimated yield fir aerobic respiration

A

1 atp per 4 protons

65
Q

NADH produces how many atp

A

3 ATP
(NADH from glycolysis
produces less)*

66
Q

FADH2 produces how many atp

A

2 atp

67
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic pathway (no
oxygen) that only relies on glycolysis by
converting the produced pyruvate into different
molecules in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+..
Regenerating NAD+ means glycolysis can continue
to make ATP.

68
Q

location of fermentation

A

within the
cytosol. The two most common types of
fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and
alcohol fermentation.

69
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

fermentation uses the 2 NADH from
glycolysis to reduce the 2 pyruvate into 2 lactic
acid. Thus, NADH is oxidized back to NAD
+ so that
glycolysis may continue. This happens frequently
in muscle cells and occurs continuously in red blood
cells, which do not have mitochondria for aerobic
respiration.

70
Q

which fermentation is cori cycle used in and it does what?

A

Lactic acid fermentation.
is used to help convert lactate back
into glucose once oxygen is available again. It
transports the lactate to liver cells, where it can
be oxidized back into pyruvate. Pyruvate can then
be used to form glucose, which can be used for
more ideal energy generation.

71
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

uses the 2 NADH from
glycolysis to convert the 2 pyruvate into 2 ethanol .
Thus, NADH is oxidized back to NAD
+ so that
glycolysis may continue. However, this process has
an extra step that first involves the
decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetaldehyde,
which is only then reduced by NADH into ethanol.

72
Q

Types of organisms based on ability to grow in

oxygen: Obligate aerobes

A

only perform aerobic
respiration, so they need the presence of
oxygen to survive.

73
Q

Types of organisms based on ability to grow in

oxygen: obligate anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobes - only undergo anaerobic
respiration or fermentation; oxygen is poison
to them.

74
Q

Types of organisms based on ability to grow in

oxygen: Facultative anaerobes -

A

can do aerobic
respiration, anaerobic respiration, or
fermentation, but prefer aerobic respiration
because it generates the most ATP.

75
Q

Types of organisms based on ability to grow in

oxygen: Microaerophiles

A
  • only perform aerobic
    respiration, but high amounts of oxygen are
    harmful to them.
76
Q

Types of organisms based on ability to grow in

oxygen: Aerotolerant organisms

A

only undergo
anaerobic respiration or fermentation, but
oxygen is not poisonous to them.

77
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase uses one ATP to phosphorylate
glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which
cannot leave the cell (it becomes trapped by
the phosphorylation).

78
Q

step 2 of glycolysis

A

Isomerase modifies glucose-6-phosphate into

fructose-6-phosphate.

79
Q

Step 3 of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase uses a second ATP to
phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate into
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

80
Q

Step 4 of glycolyssis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken into
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which
are in equilibrium with one another.

81
Q

Step 5 of glycolysis

A

G3P proceeds to the energy payoff phase so
DHAP is constantly converted into G3P to
maintain equilibrium. Thus, 1 glucose molecule
will produce 2 G3P that continue into the next
steps.

82
Q

step 6 of glycolysis

A

G3P undergoes a series of redox reactions to
produce 4 ATP through
substrate-level-phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate
and 2 NADH.

83
Q

Nadh is what

A

coenzyme that helps in transferring electrosn

84
Q

Fadh is what

A

coenzyme that helps in transferring electrosn

85
Q

Step one for glycolysis

A

Hexokinase uses one ATP to phosphorylate
glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which
cannot leave the cell (it becomes trapped by
the phosphorylation).

86
Q

Step two for glycolysis

A

Isomerase modifies glucose-6-phosphate into

fructose-6-phosphate

87
Q

Step three for glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase uses a second ATP to
phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate into
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

88
Q

Step four for glycolysis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken into
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which
are in equilibrium with one another

89
Q

Step five for glycolysis

A

G3P proceeds to the energy payoff phase so
DHAP is constantly converted into G3P to
maintain equilibrium. Thus, 1 glucose molecule
will produce 2 G3P that continue into the next
steps.

90
Q

Step six for glycolysis

A

G3P undergoes a series of redox reactions to
produce 4 ATP through
substrate-level-phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate
and 2 NADH

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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