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DAT BIO > DAT bio chapter 11.3 human immune system > Flashcards

DAT bio chapter 11.3 human immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ are the first layer of innate immunity

A

outer walls

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2
Q

Outer wall of the first layer of innate immunity consists of what

A

Skin
cilia
stomach acid
symbiotic bacteria

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3
Q

Skin consists of

A 
thick epidermis, dermis,
and hypodermis. Also mucous membrane
to trap pathogens and lysozyme to break
down bacterial cell walls. Has sebaceous
glands to secrete oil (sebum) as a barrier.
Sebum also has antimicrobial properties.
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4
Q

cilia does what

A
  • hair-like projections in the respiratory

tract that sweep away debris and pathogens.

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5
Q

stomach acid does what

A

gastric acid that kills microbes

due to low pH.

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6
Q

Symbiotic bacteria -

A

outcompete pathogenic

bacteria and fungi.

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7
Q

When the first layer of innate immunity are penetrated, the _____system will kick in

A

immune

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8
Q

5 signs of inflammation (DAT mnemonic

A 
SLIPR
Swelling
Loss of function
Increased heat
Pain
Redness
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9
Q

Swelling

A

permeable capillaries result in fluids

leaking into tissues.

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10
Q

Loss of function

A
  • body part with

inflammation becomes less usable.

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11
Q

increased heat

A

increased blood flow results

in a higher temperature.

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12
Q

pain

A

throbbing pain caused by swelling,
which puts continuous pressure on nerve
endings.

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13
Q

redness

A

increased blood flow causes

redness of skin.

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14
Q

Diapedesis

A

process by which cells move
from the capillaries to the tissues in order to fight
pathogens.

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15
Q

Chemotaxis

A

method by which cells move
in response to a chemical signal. Immune cells
use chemotaxis to move to the tissues.

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16
Q

Five main types of leukocytes from highest to
lowest in quantity → Never Let Monkeys Eat
Bananas

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat
Bananas
- neutrophil
-lymphocytes
-macrophages
-eosinophils
-basophils
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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytes in innate immunity

that make up over half of all leukocytes.

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18
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • B cells, T cells, and natural
    killer cells. B and T cells are part of adaptive
    immunity and must be activated. Natural
    killer (NK) cells are part of innate immunity
    and attack virally-infected cells + cancerous
    cells. NK cells use perforin (create holes) and
    granzyme (stimulate apoptosis) to lyse cells.
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19
Q

macrophages/monocytes

A 
- phagocytes in
innate immunity. Monocytes are the
immature form found in blood vessels and
macrophages are the mature form after
diapedesis. Can also act as antigen-presenting
cells to activate adaptive immunity.
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20
Q

eosinphils

A

part of innate immunity and
have granules that can be released to kill
pathogens, especially parasites.

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21
Q

basophils

A

least numerous leukocyte;
contains granules with histamine
(vasodilation) and heparin (an anticoagulant
to prevent blood clotting). Very similar to
mast cells, except basophils circulate as
mature cells while mast cells circulate as
immature cells.

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22
Q

Dendritic cells are part of ____ immunity and scan tissues using _____ and ____

A

innate
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

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23
Q

dendritic cells also act as

A

antigen-presenting cells like macrophages,
migrating to the lymph nodes to activate
adaptive immunity.

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24
Q

interferons are secreted by what and bind to what

A

virally infected cells,

bind to non infected cells to prepare them for a virus attack. also help activate dendritic cells

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25
Q

complement system: complement system) is a group of

approximately_____-

A

approximately 30 proteins that aid immune cells
in fighting pathogens. These proteins turn each
other on through the complement cascade,
which amplifies the complements effects by
releasing cytokines.

26
Q

Complement protein actions:

A

Tags antigens for phagocytosis in a process
called opsonization
● Amplifies inflammatory response Eg. binds to
mast cells for increased histamine release
● Forms a membrane attack complex (MAC),
which pokes holes in pathogens and lyses
them

27
Q

adaptive immune system is a what

A 
specific
immune response (targets specific antigens).
28
Q

What is an antigen

A

an immunogenic foreign molecule

and is the target of the immune response.

29
Q

What is the epitope?

A

important part of the antigen that

is recognized by the immune cell.

30
Q

How does immune system recognize self proteins from non self proteins?

A 
They use major
histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is found on the surface of cells
31
Q

foreign
antigens and foreign MHC will be identified as
enemies by the ______

A

immune system

32
Q

what is the surface molecule present on all
nucleated cells, and each genetically different
individual will have a different MHC I molecule.

A

MHC class 1

33
Q

Organ transplants that have different ___I may
lead to failure and rejection, so
immunosuppressants are given to transplant
patients.

A

MHC I

34
Q

When does autoimmune diseases occur

A

when

the immune system attacks self MHC I.

35
Q

_____surface molecule present on
antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells,
macrophages) _______

A

MHC Class II
is used to present foreign
antigens to activate immune cells.

36
Q

b cells control

A

antibody-mediated immunity
(humoral immunity) by managing the
production and release of antibodies. They can
also act as antigen-presenting cells.

37
Q

B cell receptors (BCRs) are located on

A

B cells
and bind to antigen epitopes either free-floating
or on APCs. Each B cell has a unique BCR.

38
Q

The clonal selection model describes the

development of _____

A

one type of BCR for every B cell.

39
Q

Through clonal expansion, what happens

A

these B cells divide
into either plasma cells (antibody-secreting cells)
or memory B cells (to be activated later in case
of another attack).

40
Q

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A

structurally identical to BCR but freely circulate in blood and lymph

41
Q

Function of antibodies

A

tag antigens for phagocytosis,
neutralize the antigen by coating it, or activate the
complement system.

42
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

Antibodies contain light
chains and heavy chains linked by disulphide
bonds. In addition, the variable region
recognizes different antigens while the constant
region is the same for antibodies within the
same class.

43
Q

DAT Mnemonic:

Classes of Antibodies → Me And Eve Don’t Go

A 
IgM
igA
igE
igD
igG
44
Q

IgM

A

present in a pentameric form and is the
largest antibody. The first antibody to be
produced; activates the complement system.

45
Q

IgA

A
  • present in a dimeric form and found
    most abundantly in bodily secretions.
    Newborns receive passive immunity
    through breast milk containing IgA. Also, IgA
    mainly binds pathogens externally, outside
    of circulation.
46
Q

igE

A

monomer that is present on basophils
and mast cells as antigen receptors. When
bound to an allergen, triggers histamine
release and an allergic reaction.

47
Q

igD

A

monomer that we have very little
information about. Only small amounts are
produced.

48
Q

igG

A

monomer that is the most abundant
antibody in circulation. Also the only
antibody that can cross the placenta to give
fetus passive immunity. Helps the
complement system to cause opsonization
(tags antigens and subsequent phagocytosis).

49
Q

Memory B cells do what

A

survive for a long time and lay
dormant until reactivated by the same antigen
that triggered the original clonal expansion.

50
Q

Memory B cells are key to ____

A

vaccinations because
vaccines cause memory B cell production for
later reactivation. After reactivation, memory B
cells cause massive antibody production.

51
Q

T cells control what

A

cell-mediated immunity by
directly acting on cells instead of sending
antibodies out.

52
Q

T cell receptors (TCRs) are what

A

are unique just like BCRs,
binding only to one type of antigen per T cell.
Thus, T cells also undergo clonal selection just
like B cells.

53
Q

T cells must bind to antigens presented on what to be activated

A

presented on APCs

(antigen-presenting cells) to be activated.

54
Q

There are two ways antigens may be presented

to T cells:

A

MHC I Presentation:

MHC II Presentation:

55
Q

MHC I Presentation:

A

T cells differentiate into
CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells), which directly
kill infected cells through perforin (poke holes)
and granzymes (cause apoptosis). However, T
cells are different from natural killer cells
because they are more specific and require
antigen presentation.

56
Q

MHC II Presentation:

A

T cells differentiate into
CD4 T cells (helper T cells), which release
cytokines to boost both innate immunity and
adaptive immunity. These cytokines help attract
innate immune cells and increase proliferation
of other T and B cells.

57
Q

Passive immunity refers to what

A

immunity one
organism gains from receiving the antibodies
from another organism that already has that
immunity.

58
Q

ex of passive immunity

A

fetus gains passive
immunity through the placenta (IgG) while a
newborn gains passive immunity through breast
milk (IgA).

59
Q

When fetus do not have their own active immunity what is it called?

A

immuno-naive

60
Q

Active immunity refers to

A

immunity an
organism gains from being infected once already
by a pathogen. A vaccination introduces the
antigen or pathogen in a deactivated state to
stimulate active immunity, which is referred to as
artificial immunity in this case and induces
memory B and T cell formation.

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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