Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT BIO > DAT bio Chapter 11.6 and 11.7 Skeleton > Flashcards

DAT bio Chapter 11.6 and 11.7 Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Many

invertebrates and all arthropods possess____

A

exoskeleton (external skeleton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vertebrates contain an

A

endoskeleton (on the inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endoskeleton can be divided into two parts. what are they

A 
axial skeleton (core bones like skull, and rib cage) and the
appendicular skeleton (appendages). if the endo skeleton were a tree, the axial skeleton would be the tree trunk and the appendicular skeleton would be all the branches coming off of it.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of long bones

A 
long bones
short bones
flat bones
sesamoid bones
irregular bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

long bone is made out of

A 
cortical bone (compact
cancellous bone (spongy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

important features of long bone include

A

epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity,

metaphysis, and epiphyseal plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epiphysis - is

A

end of a long bone that forms
joints with other bones and contains red
bone marrow for hematopoiesis (blood
cell synthesis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diaphysis

A

long hollow shaft in center of

bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medullary cavity

A

located within the
diaphysis and contains red and yellow
bone marrow (area of fat storage).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metaphysis

A

similar to epiphyses and
found between the medullary cavity and
epiphyseal plates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epiphyseal plate is

A 
“growth plate” located
between epiphysis and metaphysis. Made
out of hyaline cartilage and works to
lengthen the diaphysis through growth and
ossification.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

short bone provide what

A

as wide as they are long and
mainly provide support (eg. parts of the
wrist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flat bones -

A

mainly provide protection (eg.

skull).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

found within tendons to

help muscles pull (eg. kneecap).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • irregularly shaped (eg.

pelvis) .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cortical (compact) bone

A

dense outer layer of bone that
supports the weight of our bodies. It is composed
of many microstructures:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

microstructures of cortical bone

A 
osteons
haversian canals 
lamella
lacunae
canaliculi
volkmanns canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

osteons

A
  • cortical bone’s functional unit,
    composed of tiny multi-layered cylinders.
    Also known as haversian systems because
    they contain a haversian canal in their center.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Haversian canals

A

‘tubes’ that contain blood

vessels for nutrient supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lamellae

A

layers of the osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that
hold bone cells and interconnect through
canaliculi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels that connect lacunae and the haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

volksmanns canal

A

connect Haversian canals

to the periosteum, which provides nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is cancellous bone

A

the spongy inner layer of bone
that soaks up red bone marrow via a web of
trabeculae (connective tissue that supports
cancellous bone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is bone remodeling

A

process of going back and
forth between the processes of ossification (bone
formation) and resorption (bone loss).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of cells involved in bone remodeling:

A

Osteoprogenitors
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes -
Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A
  • immature precursor cells

that differentiate into osteoblasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Osteoblasts

A

build bone by secreting
proteins and utilizing blood calcium. They
mature into osteocytes after getting trapped
inside the bone matrix they create.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Osteocytes

A

live in lacunae in osteons to

maintain bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Osteoclasts

A

eat and resorb bone, bringing
calcium back into the blood. Derived from
monocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mechanisms involved in bone remodeling

A

parathyroid hormone
vitamid d
calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mechanisms involved in bone remodeling S1

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood
calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and
depressing osteoblasts. Secreted by the
parathyroid gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mechanisms involved in bone remodeling S2

vitrami d

A

increases blood calcium levels by
raising intestinal calcium absorption. Activated
by parathyroid hormone, but provides
negative feedback on PTH production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mechanisms involved in bone remodeling S3

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium levels by
depressing osteoclasts, allowing osteoblasts to
build bone without competition. Secreted by
the thyroid gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is osteoid

A

organic component of bone
containing many proteins such as collagen (gives
bone tensile strength).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is Hydroxyapatite

A

inorganic mineral
component of bone that gives the bone density
and strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two types of embryonic ossification

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

bone is
created directly within fibrous membranes,
mainly for flat bones. Osteoblasts start by
secreting osteoid, which hardens and houses
osteocytes. Eventually, cortical bone is
created.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bone is created
indirectly through a cartilage model, mainly
for long bones. The cartilage model calcifies
during fetal development, creating
ossification centers that help form the
features of long bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what fibers make up the fibrous connectice tissue?

A

tendons
ligaments
periosteum
endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

tendons connect what

A

muscle to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ligaments connect what

A

bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

periosteum is what

A
  • membrane that covers
    cortical bone with an outer fibrous layer
    (vascularized) and an inner/cambium
    layer (collagen for attachment to cortical
    bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Endosteum is what

A

membrane located between

cortical and cancellous bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cartilage is ______ (lacks blood vessels)
and is not innervated (as opposed to bone
which is highly vascular and innervated).

A

avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what builds cartilage

A

chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how does chondroblasts build cartilage?

A

by secreting

collagen and elastin.

48
Q

Hyaline cartilage is

A

slightly flexible and
important in providing support and
stability to joints.

49
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

high rigidity and resists
tension, found in intervertebral discs and
knee meniscus.

50
Q

Elastic cartilage -

A

highly flexible and

found in ears and epiglottis.

51
Q

Joints are ____ and _____

A

vascularized and innervated. They

are found between bones.

52
Q

types of joints

A

__Synarthroses - dense, fibrous joints that do
not move.
___Amphiarthroses- - cartilaginous joints that
partially move.
___Diarthroses - synovial joints that fully
move. Typically contain hyaline cartilage.

53
Q

hormones can be secreted in how may ways

A 
● Endocrine - through the bloodstream.
● Exocrine - through ducts.
● Paracrine - to neighboring cells.
● Autocrine - onto the same cell that is secreting
the hormone.
54
Q

3 types of hormones

A 
1. peptide
hormones
2. steroid hormones
3. amino-acid
derived hormones.
55
Q

peptide hormone is produced where

A

rough ER and made

of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

56
Q

what does peptide hormones do?

A

binds to cell surface receptors because
they cannot pass freely through the cell
membrane as a result of being water-soluble
(and not lipid-soluble). The process of hormone
function is an indirect stimulation.

57
Q

The two

ways the signal can be received in peptide hormone

A

secondary messengers or

ligand-gated ion channels.

58
Q

secondary messengers are initiated by

A

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are cell

surface receptors

59
Q

how does secondary messengers work

A

after binding to a peptide
hormone extracellularly. A G protein is coupled
to the receptor and dissociates into subunits
(alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ)) after
activation. These subunits then act upon
intracellular second messengers to propagate
the signal.

60
Q

another way of initiating second messenger response upon binding to a peptide hormone.

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are another

cell surface receptor that dimerizes

61
Q

how does receptor tyrosine kinases work?

A

The intracellular
domains of RTKs cross-phosphorylate each
other and initiate second messenger signaling
within the cell.

62
Q

The second messenger system of peptide
hormone signaling allows for _____ and
_____physiological changes.

A

quick and immediate

63
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels change _____ upon
binding to peptide hormones, allowing ___ to flow
across the ______. No second messengers
are involved.

A

shape
ions
cell membrane

64
Q

where are steroid hormones made

A

smooth ER and

made up of a fused 4-ring structure.

65
Q

how does steroid hormones work?

A

requires a protein carrier to travel
through the bloodstream due to being lipophilic.
Freely crosses the cell membrane, and binds to
receptors either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus to
form molecule-receptor complexes that bind to
DNA, and influence gene transcription. This
process is known as direct stimulation.

66
Q

Steroid hormones cause ___ and _____

physiological changes.

A

slow and gradual

67
Q
  1. Amino-acid derived hormones:

Can have what kind of properties?

A

properties that are similar to both

peptide hormones and steroid hormones.

68
Q

where is amino acid derived hormones made?

A

produced in rough ER and cytosol.

Mainly derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

69
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

coordinates the body’s

internal environment and maintains homeostasis.

70
Q

where is the pituitary gland located and is composed of how many lobes

A

is under the
hypothalamus and is composed of two lobes -
the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.

71
Q
  1. Posterior pituitary is also known as
A

the neurohypophysis because it is
made of neuronal tissue. It is a direct neuronal
extension of the hypothalamus.

72
Q

what two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH aka
vasopressin)

Oxytocin

73
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH aka

vasopressin) - functoin

A

decreases urination by
increasing water retention. Targets nephrons,
increasing the number of aquaporins for
water reuptake.

74
Q

oxytocin function

A

causes uterine contractions during
child labor and the release of milk during
breastfeeding (mammary gland).

75
Q

Anterior pituitary is also known as

A

adenohypophysis, it is made of

glandular tissue, and produces its own hormones.

76
Q

anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus through ____

A

hypophyseal portal system, which allows for
quick diffusion of hormones through a portal
vein. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones are
released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the
anterior pituitary to release other hormones.

77
Q

types of hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

GnRh
TRH
CRH
GRH

78
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) function

A

release of luteinizing hormone (LH)

and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

79
Q

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

A

causes

release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

80
Q

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

A

causes release of adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH).

81
Q

GRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)

A

causes release of growth hormone (GH).

82
Q

Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones are released
by ______ to _____ the the release of other
hormones by the anterior pituitary.

A

hypothalamus

inhibit

83
Q

anterior pituitary produces what 2 hormones

A

tropic and direct

84
Q

Important

examples of hormones released from the anterior pituitary:

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

85
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

follicle
growth (females) and sperm maturation
(males) in the gonads.

86
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone) -

A

stimulates
ovulation, corpus luteum formation (females),
and testosterone production (males) in the
gonads.

87
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the

adrenal gland to fight stress.

88
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

stimulates
T3 and T4 production by the thyroid gland to
increase metabolism.

89
Q

what is the largest endocrine organ

A

thyroid gland

90
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

trachea

91
Q

3 main hormones of the thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

92
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) function

A

released in response
to TSH and increases metabolism in the
body. Has a negative feedback effect on
TSH secretion.

93
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

function

A

performs the same actions
as T3 above. However, T4 has one more
iodine and gets converted into T3 upon cell
uptake. It is much less potent than T3 but is
more stable in the blood.

94
Q

Calcitonin function

A 
secreted by the parafollicular
cells to decrease blood calcium levels.
Stimulates osteoblasts to use up blood
calcium to build bone and inhibits
osteoclasts. Also decreases calcium uptake in
intestines and kidneys.
95
Q

Hypothyroidism describes

A

over-secretion of
T3 and T4, resulting in increased levels of
metabolism in the body.

96
Q

what two things can lead to goiter?

A

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism causes
over-secretion of TRH to compensate for low T3
and T4, enlarging the thyroid gland, while
hyperthyroidism itself results from a
hyperactive thyroid gland.

97
Q

The parathyroid gland secrets

A

parathyroid

hormone (PTH)

98
Q 
parathyroid
hormone (PTH) function
A

performs in the opposite
way as calcitonin. It stimulates osteoclasts and
decreases calcium uptake by bones. Parathyroid
hormone increases blood calcium levels.

99
Q

what two tissues does the pancreas contain?

A

exocrine and endocrine

100
Q

Exocrine tissue secretes

A

digestive enzymes

through the pancreatic duct to the small intestine.

101
Q 
endocrine tissue (the islets of Langerhans)
secretes
A

glucagon, insulin and somatostatin.
These three hormones are each secreted by a
different cell type as listed below: alpha/beta/delta

102
Q

alpha cells secrete what

A

glucagon in response
to low blood glucose levels. Glucagon raises
glucose levels by stimulating the liver and fat
tissue to release their glucose storages.

103
Q

beta cells secrete what

A

insulin in response to
high blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers
glucose levels by stimulating the liver,
muscle, and fat tissue to store glucose.

104
Q

Delta (δ) cells - secrete

A

somatostatin, which
inhibits growth hormone. It also inhibits the
secretion of glucagon and insulin.

105
Q

how many adrenal gland does our body have

A

2

106
Q

adrenal gland structure

A

Each adrenal
gland has an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
They mainly help the body deal with stress.

107
Q

function of adrenal cortex

A

Deals with longer term stress.
● Stimulated by secretion of ACTH from the
anterior pituitary.
● Releases steroid hormones.
● Produces glucocorticoids (i.e. cortisol) to
raise blood glucose levels for immediate fuel
during periods of long-term stress. However,
this also lowers our immune response.
● Produces mineralocorticoids (i.e.
aldosterone) to increase blood volume and
blood pressure by raising reabsorption of
Na
+
. Water passively gets reabsorbed with
Na
+ due to osmosis.
● Produces a small amount of male sex
hormones (androgens).

108
Q

function of Adrenal medulla:

A

● Deals with short-term stress.
● Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system.
● Releases amino-acid derived hormones.
● Produces catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) to initiate “fight or flight”
response by increasing heart rate and the
breakdown of glucose. Also increases blood
flow to brain/muscles and air flow to lungs.

109
Q

After stimulation by LH and FSH, what do the ovaries and testes produce?

A

ovaries
produce progesterone and estrogen, while the
testes produce androgens such as testosterone.

110
Q

LH function in females

A

LH - during menstrual cycle, the LH surge
causes ovulation. This results in the
formation of a corpus luteum, which
produces progesterone and estrogen.

111
Q

FSH function in females

A

FSH - stimulates follicle growth in ovaries,
which results in the increased production of
progesterone and estrogen.

112
Q

LH function in males

A

LH - triggers testosterone production by

Leydig cells.

113
Q

FSH function in males

A

FSH - stimulates sperm maturation.

114
Q

Hormonal control relies on

A

feedback systems,
which fall under positive and negative feedback
loops.

115
Q

Positive feedback

A

the change causes the
amplification of itself, forming a loop that
continues to intensify. You can think of it as
promoting exponential growth.

116
Q

Negative feedback

A

the change causes the
inhibition of itself, forming a loop that
prevents hormone overproduction. You can
think of it as promoting stability in the body

DAT BIO (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions