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Basic Orthopaedic Sciences > Bone Embryology > Flashcards

Bone Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Gestational age for formation of appendicular system?

A

4weeks

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2
Q

Notochord expresses which protein?

A

Shh protein

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3
Q

What regulates limb bud formation? (2)

A

HOX

SHH protein

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4
Q

Limb bud is combination of which two mesoderm?

A

Somatic and lateral plate

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5
Q

Limb bud has mesenchymal core with a thick ectodermal cap called?

A

Active ectodermal ridge

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6
Q

AER formas under which FGF?

A

10

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7
Q

Defect in AER results in which defect?

A

Limb truncation

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8
Q

Most important FGF in AER and longitudinal growth of limb?

A

FGF8

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9
Q

First signalling centre?

A

AER

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10
Q

Second signalling centre?

A

ZPA

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11
Q

ZPA controlled by which gene?

A

SHH

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12
Q

High conc of Shh on which side of ZPA?

A

Small finger development

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13
Q

Abnormally high SHH on ulnar aspect creates which abnormality?

A

Polydactyly

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14
Q

Abnormally high SHH on radial side results in which abnormality?

A

Loss of thumb

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15
Q

Third signalling centre?

A

Non-AER limb ectoderm/

Progress zone

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16
Q

Progress zone controlled by which gene?

A

Wnt7a

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17
Q

Antagonist to WNT7a?

A

engrailed-1 protein

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18
Q

WNT7a responsible for which features?

A

Dorsal features incl fingernails

19
Q

HOX genes responsible for?

A

Patterning digit formation

20
Q

Duplication of ZPA would create which abnormality?

A

Mirror image limb duplication

21
Q

Spinal column originates from pairs of mesodermal structures called?

A

Somites

22
Q

Somites have 3 layers:

A
  1. Sclerotome
  2. Myotome
  3. Dermatome
23
Q

Dorso-ventral patterning of neural tube determined by?

A
  1. Shh

2. Canonical Went/B catenin

24
Q

Neural crest forms which structures (4)

A

PNS, pia mata, spinal ganglia and sympathetic trunk

25
Q

In vertebrae notochord forms? (2)

A

Ant vertebral bodies

Nucleus Pulposus

26
Q

Annulus fibrosis is formed from?

A

Sclerotome

27
Q

Transcription factors involved in chondrocyte regulation?

A

SOX 9

PTHrP

28
Q

Compression across the GP slows what type of growth? Who’s law?

A

Longitudinal growth

Heuter-Volkmann Law

29
Q

Zones of growth plate? (6)

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferation
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Spongiosa
  5. Groove of ranvier
  6. La Croix ( Perichondrial fibrous ring)
    Roly Poly Help Skeletons Grow Long
30
Q

Physeal hypertrophic zone phases (3)?

A
  1. Maturation
  2. Degeneration
  3. Provisional calcification
31
Q

Zone involved in physeal injuries?

A

Provisional calcification

32
Q

NB substance produced by chondrocytes involved in mineralization?

A

Type X Collagen

33
Q

Two type of spongiosa?

A

Primary and secondary

34
Q

Physeal zone with highest rate of extracellular matrix production>

A

Prolif zone

35
Q

What happens at spongiosa? (3)

A

Vascular invasion
OB align on cartilage bars
Mineralized to form woven bone then remodelled to form secondary spongiosa

36
Q

Chondrocyte maturation regulated by? (2)

A

Indian HH protein

PTHrP

37
Q

Responsible for appositional bone growth?

A

Groove of ranvier

38
Q

Anchors and supports the physis?

A

Fibrous ring of La Croix

39
Q

Steps of embryonic long bone formation? (5)

A
  1. Vascularization
  2. 1 ossification centres form
  3. cartilage model
  4. marrow forms
  5. 2 ossification centres
40
Q

Embryonic flat bone formation through which ossification?

A

Intramembranous

41
Q

2 major differences between intramembranous and endochondral healing?

A

Intramem =

  1. No resorption at bone ends
  2. No cartilage model
42
Q

What happens to 02 tension as you go deeper through the layers of physis?

A

Decreases

43
Q

What inhibits BMP to form joints of the body?

A

Noggin

Basic Orthopaedic Sciences (25 decks)

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