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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 6 - Infection > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Infection Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

the study of microorganisms

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2
Q

coccus

A

any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium

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3
Q

bacillus

A

a rod-shaped bacterium

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4
Q

vibrio

A

a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.

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5
Q

spirillum (plural: spirilla)

A

a bacterium with a rigid spiral structure, found in stagnant water and sometimes causing disease

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6
Q

pleomorphism

A

the ability of some microorganisms to alter their morphology, biological functions or reproductive modes in response to environmental conditions

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7
Q

spirochete

A

a flexible spirally twisted bacterium, especially one that causes syphilis

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8
Q

palisade

A

(1) a steel or wooden fence or wall of variable height, usually used as a defensive structure
(2) [pathology] a single layer of relatively long cells, arranged loosely perpendicular to a surface and parallel to each other

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9
Q

morphology (biology)

A

the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures

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10
Q

perpendicular

A

at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface

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11
Q

pathogens

A

the disease-causing microbes often referred to as “germs.” Infectious diseases result from invasion of the body by microbes and multiplication of these microbes, followed by damage to the body

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12
Q

culture medium

A

also called growth medium; a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms

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13
Q

bacteria

A

a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease

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14
Q

virus

A

an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host

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15
Q

fungi

A

any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools

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16
Q

spore

A

a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans

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17
Q

mycoplasma

A

a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes. This characteristic makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic

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18
Q

saprotroph

A

an organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter known as detritus at a microscopic level

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19
Q

detritus

A

waste or debris of any kind

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20
Q

strept/o

A

twisted chains or strips

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21
Q

staphyl/o

A

grow in clusters like grapes

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22
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity of an organism to cause disease

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23
Q

virulence

A

a pathogen’s or microorganism’s ability to cause damage to a host

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24
Q

pili

A

tiny hair-like projections found on some bacteria, usually the gram-negatives; they are a specialized kind of fimbriae that facilitate the transfer of genetic material between some bacterial cells, thus leading to greater genetic variation

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25
Q

fimbriae

A

tiny hair-like projections found on some bacteria, usually the gram-negatives; they assist in attachment of the bacterium to tissue and also allow some organisms to “drag” themselves across surfaces

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26
Q

archaea

A

a domain of single-celled organisms; these microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes

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27
Q

prokaryote

A

A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria

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28
Q

cyanobacteria

A

A division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. They are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth.

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29
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

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30
Q

exotoxin

A

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

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31
Q

endotoxin

A

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates

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32
Q

enterotoxin

A

a toxin produced in or affecting the intestines, such as those causing food poisoning or cholera

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33
Q

neurotoxin

A

a poison which acts on the nervous system

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34
Q

endospore

A

a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells

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35
Q

tetanus

A

a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles

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36
Q

botulism

A

a rare but serious condition caused by toxins produced from bacteria called Clostridium botulinum

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37
Q

foodborne botulism

A

The harmful botulinum bacteria thrive and produce the toxin in environments with little oxygen, such as in home-canned food.

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38
Q

wound botulism

A

when botulinum bacteria get into a cut, they can cause a dangerous infection that produces the toxin

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39
Q

infant botulism

A

This most common form of botulism begins after Clostridium botulinum bacterial spores grow in a baby’s intestinal tract. It typically occurs in babies between the ages of 2 months and 8 months.

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40
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum (botulism)

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41
Q

motile

A

(of cells, gametes, and single-celled organisms) capable of motion

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42
Q

anaerobic (biology)

A

relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen

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43
Q

aerobic (biology)

A

relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen

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44
Q

binary fission

A

A method of asexual reproduction that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells.

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45
Q

virion

A

a virus that has not yet infected a host cell

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46
Q

retrovirus

A

any of a group of RNA viruses which insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g. HIV

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47
Q

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

A

a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); symptoms range from unnoticeable to life-threatening

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48
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics

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49
Q

coronavirus

A

any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, and that infect birds and many mammals including humans

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50
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1)

A

a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak

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51
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)

A

the virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic

52
Q

influenza

A

a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics

53
Q

mumps

A

a contagious and infectious viral disease causing swelling of the parotid salivary glands in the face, and a risk of sterility in adult males

54
Q

measles

A

an infectious viral disease causing fever and a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood

55
Q

Hepatitis A

A

A highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A is preventable by vaccine. It spreads from contaminated food or water, or contact with someone who is infected.

56
Q

Hepatitis B

A

A serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus; easily preventable by a vaccine. This disease is most commonly spread by exposure to infected body fluids.

57
Q

Hepatitis C

A

An infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation. The virus is spread by contact with contaminated blood, for example, from sharing needles or from unsterile tattoo equipment.

58
Q

polio

A

a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus; the virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis

59
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

The most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Most people with HPV do not know they are infected and never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts.

60
Q

mononucleosis

A

often called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono (Epstein-Barr virus) is spread through saliva. You can get it through kissing, but you can also be exposed by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono; it causes a sore throat and fever

61
Q

Herpes simplex

A

A virus causing contagious sores, most often around the mouth or on the genitals

62
Q

varicella (chickenpox)

A

a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever.

63
Q

catarrh

A

excessive discharge or buildup of mucus in the nose or throat, associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane

64
Q

parotid gland

A

either of a pair of large salivary glands situated just in front of each ear

65
Q

Hepatitis D

A

a virus that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication

66
Q

Hepatitis E

A

A liver disease caused by the hepatitis E virus. The hepatitis E virus is mainly transmitted through drinking water contaminated with fecal matter.

67
Q

chlamydia

A

A common bacterial STD that can infect both men and women. It can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible for her to get pregnant later on.

68
Q

gonorrhea

A

a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if untreated, may cause infertility

69
Q

rickettsiae

A

tiny gram-negative bacteria that live inside a host cell (obligate intracellular parasites). They are transmitted by insect vectors, such as lice or ticks, and cause diseases such as typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They attack blood vessel walls, causing a typical rash and small hemorrhages.

70
Q

typhus fevers

A

a group of diseases caused by bacteria that are spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers

71
Q

candida

A

normally a harmless fungus present on the skin; however, when there are imbalances in the normal flora, it may cause infection in the oral cavity, called thrush in infants, and is a common cause of vaginal infections.

72
Q

flora

A

(1) the plant life present in a particular region or time

(2) [microbiology] collective bacteria and other microorganisms in a host

73
Q

fauna

A

the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period

74
Q

histoplasma

A

a fungus causing a lung infection that may become disseminated through the body in immunosuppressed patients

75
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

a parasite in the large intestine that causes amebic dysentery, a severe form of diarrhea, and liver abscesses if it penetrates into the portal circulation

76
Q

portal circulation

A

the circulation of nutrient-rich blood between the gut and liver

77
Q

dysentery

A

infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces

78
Q

giardia

A

a cyst-forming organism that is excreted in feces and can survive in the environment for a considerable period of time before it is ingested by a new host

79
Q

prions

A

misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals

80
Q

algae

A

eukaryotic microorganisms widespread in fresh and marine waters; they are a main component of plankton and are usually not a concern for human disease

81
Q

plankton

A

the small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water; they are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind)

82
Q

infection

A

The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

83
Q

endemic

A

(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

84
Q

fomite

A

objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture

85
Q

vector-borne disease

A

Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.

86
Q

catheter

A

a flexible tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder, for removing fluid

87
Q

superbugs

A

microbes that have caused serious illness in otherwise healthy individuals or do not respond to any drugs

88
Q

rubella

A

a contagious disease caused by a virus. Most people who get rubella usually have a mild illness, with symptoms that can include a low-grade fever, sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body

89
Q

pertussis (whooping cough)

A

a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe.

90
Q

antiseptics

A

antimicrobial chemicals designed to be used on living tissue such as isopropyl alcohol–70%, which is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers

91
Q

autoclaving

A

a sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam

92
Q

incubation period (disease)

A

the time the body is exposed to the organism and the appearance of clinical signs of the disease. Incubation periods vary considerably, depending on the characteristics of the organism, and may last for days or months. During this time the organisms reproduce until there are sufficient numbers to cause adverse effects in the body.

93
Q

prodromal period (disease)

A

the early symptoms stage when the infected person may feel fatigued, lose appetite, or have a headache and usually senses that “I am coming down with something.”

94
Q

acute period (disease)

A

when the infectious disease develops fully and the clinical manifestations reach a peak. The onset of a specific infection may be insidious, with a prolonged or gradual prodromal period, or sudden or acute, with the clinical signs appearing quickly with severe manifestations.

95
Q

local infection

A

organism enters the body and remains confined to a specific location

96
Q

focal infection

A

pathogen spreads from a local infection to other tissues

97
Q

systemic infection

A

infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, typically through the circulatory system

98
Q

septicemia

A

infection caused by multiplication of pathogenic organisms in the blood and the cause of sepsis, a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes

99
Q

bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in the blood

100
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxins in the blood

101
Q

viremia

A

presence of viruses in the blood

102
Q

mixed infection

A

several infectious agents concurrently establish themselves at the same site

103
Q

acute infection

A

appear rapidly with severe symptoms but are short lived

104
Q

chronic infections

A

less severe symptoms than acute but persist for a long period

105
Q

primary infection

A

initial or first time exposure/infection

106
Q

secondary infection

A

follow a primary infection and are caused by a microbe other than that causing the primary infection; opportunistic pathogens are often the cause of a secondary infection

107
Q

subclinical infection

A

do not cause apparent signs or symptoms, although they may persist over long periods of time

108
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

a term that refers to the swelling of lymph nodes

109
Q

leukopenia

A

a reduction in the number of leukocytes in the blood

110
Q

prophylactic

A

a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring

111
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs or substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Originally derived from organisms, such as penicillin from mold, many drugs are now synthetic or semisynthetic.

112
Q

antimicrobials

A

drugs that may be classified by the type of microbe against which the drug is active, such as antibacterials, antivirals, and antifungals. These drugs are unique to the type of organism and are not interchangeable.

113
Q

bactericidal drugs

A

drugs that kill organisms

114
Q

bacteriostatic drugs

A

drugs that inhibit reproduction and rely on the host’s defenses to destroy the organisms

115
Q

broad spectrum drugs

A

antibacterials that are effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms

116
Q

narrow-spectrum drugs

A

drugs that act against either gram-negative or gram-positive organisms, but not both

117
Q

penicillin

A

an antibiotic or group of antibiotics produced naturally by certain blue molds, and now usually prepared synthetically

118
Q

blue mold

A

a bluish fungus that grows on food. Blue molds are deliberately introduced into some cheeses, and some kinds are used to produce antibiotics such as penicillin.

119
Q

capsid

A

the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material

120
Q

anthelmintics

A

other names: antihelminthics, antiparasitics; a type of medicine that kills helminths

121
Q

helminths

A

worm-like parasites such as flukes, roundworms, and tapeworms

122
Q

Antiprotozoal agents

A

An agent that destroys protozoa or inhibits their growth and ability to reproduce

123
Q

Myxovirus

A

any of a group of viruses of the families Orthomyxoviridae (agents of influenza) and Paramyxoviridae, members of which can cause the common cold, mumps, and measles in humans, canine distemper, rinderpest in cattle, and Newcastle disease in fowl

124
Q

rinderpest

A

an infectious disease of ruminants, especially cattle, caused by a paramyxovirus. It is characterized by fever, dysentery, and inflammation of the mucous membranes

125
Q

canine distemper

A

a viral disease that affects a wide variety of mammal families, including domestic and wild species of dogs, coyotes, foxes, pandas, wolves, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, and felines; it affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and the spinal cord and brain, with common symptoms that include high fever, eye inflammation and eye/nose discharge, labored breathing and coughing, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of appetite and lethargy, and hardening of nose and footpads

126
Q

Newcastle disease

A

a contagious and fatal viral disease affecting the respiratory, nervous and digestive systems of birds and poultry

127
Q

H1N1

A

a subtype of Influenza A virus. Well known outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 1977 Russian flu pandemic as well as the 1918 flu pandemic

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

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