Chapter 16 - Endocrine System Disorders Flashcards
ectopic
occurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form
livid, lividness
- discolored by bruising
- pale
- reddish
- very angry
clot retraction
the process by which a blood clot becomes smaller and draws the edges of a broken blood vessel together and which involves the shortening of fibrin threads and the squeezing out of excess serum
adenoma
a benign tumor of a glandular structure or of glandular origin
angiopathy
a disease of the blood or lymph vessels
macroangiopathy
A disease of the large blood vessels in which fat and blood clots build up and stick to the vessel walls, blocking the flow of blood.
microangiopathy
A disease of the capillaries (very small blood vessels), in which the capillary walls become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood. For example, diabetes predisposes to the development of microangiopathy in many areas, including the eye.
neuropathy
Damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in the affected area. Neuropathies frequently start in your hands and feet, but other parts of your body can be affected too.
neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. Inflammation, and frequently concomitant demyelination, cause impaired transmission of neural signals and leads to aberrant nerve function.
demyelination
causing or characterized by the loss or destruction of myelin (a type of fatty tissue that surrounds and protects nerves throughout the body)
concomitant
Occurring or existing at the same time as something else.
In medicine, it may refer to a condition a person has or a medication a person is taking that is not being studied in the clinical trial he or she is taking part in.
aberrant, aberrance, aberration
- deviating from the usual or natural type
2. straying from the right or normal way
polydipsia
abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease (such as diabetes) or psychological disturbance
polyphagia
Polyphagia, also known as hyperphagia, is the medical term for excessive or extreme hunger. It’s different than having an increased appetite after exercise or other physical activity. While your hunger level will return to normal after eating in those cases, polyphagia won’t go away if you eat more food. Instead, the underlying cause of your polyphagia needs to be addressed.
osmolarity vs osmolality
Both are the concentration of particles dissolved in a fluid.
Osmolarity is the concentration of particles per 1 liter of solvent.
Osmolality is the concentration of particles per 1 kilogram of solvent.
(the only difference is the unit of measurement)
(remember: solvent is a substance that is able to dissolve other substances, such as water dissolving salt)
osmole
In biochemistry, the amount of a substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles.
Osmotically active refers to the fact that the particles become more concentrated and increase the pressure to move the solution out. One great example is glucose.
Glucose is an osmotically active substance that causes the movement of water out of the cells and subsequently reduces serum sodium levels by dilution. (Repeat: It moves water OUT of the cells).
hyperosmolarity
as relates to diabetes
It is a condition in which the blood has a high concentration of salt (sodium), glucose, and other substances. This causes the blood to become concentrated, which then causes the blood to draw water out of the body’s other organs, including the brain.
(Notice the breakdown of the term: hyper + osmolarity.)
candidiasis
A fungal infection due to any type of Candida.
When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush.
When it affects the penis or vagina, it may be referred to as a yeast infection or thrush.
hyperparathyroidism vs hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is when your parathyroid glands create too much parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream. These glands, located behind the thyroid at the bottom of your neck, are about the size of a grain of rice. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone.
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low.
acromegaly
A disorder in adults in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone.
Acromegaly is usually caused by a noncancerous tumor. Middle-aged adults are most commonly affected.
Symptoms include enlargement of the face, hands, and feet.
toxic vs nontoxic goiter
Toxic goiter: A goiter that is associated with hyperthyroidism is described as a toxic goiter. Examples of toxic goiters include diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease), toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma (Plummer disease).
Nontoxic goiter: A goiter without hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism is described as a nontoxic goiter. It may be diffuse or multinodular, but a diffuse goiter often evolves into a nodular goiter. Examination of the thyroid may not reveal small or posterior nodules. Examples of nontoxic goiters include chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease), goiter identified in early Graves disease, endemic goiter, sporadic goiter, congenital goiter, and physiologic goiter that occurs during puberty.
endemic goiter
An iodine-deficiency disease (IDD) that occurs in those areas where the iodine content of the soil is so low that insufficient iodine is obtained through food and water and occurs when no provision is made for supplying iodized salt. This lack of iodine creates a goiter.
