Chapter 27 & 28 (Substance Abuse / Environmental Hazards)

Question 1

insinuation

Answer 1

an unpleasant hint or suggestion of something bad

Question 2

denotation vs connotation

Answer 2

DENOTATION: The direct definition of the word that you find in the dictionary. CONNOTATION: The emotional suggestions of a word, that is not literal.

Question 3

depressant

Answer 3

(chiefly of a drug) reducing functional or nervous activity

Question 4

stimulant

Answer 4

a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body

Question 5

synergy

Answer 5

the increased effectiveness that results when two or more people or businesses work together

Question 6

tolerance

Answer 6

the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with

(drug tolerance or physiological tolerance) a decrease in the response to a substance due to previous exposure

Question 7

substance abuse

Answer 7

Excessive use of psychoactive drugs, such as alcohol, pain medications, or illegal drugs. It can lead to physical, social, or emotional harm.

Question 8

addiction vs chemical dependency

Answer 8

Addiction is the compulsive use of drugs (or other things or actions) despite negative consequences. It is characterized by failure to stop, failure to meet social obligations, and withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued.

Chemical dependence is, in simplest terms, a normal biological reaction to an addictive chemical. Chronic pain sufferers who are on a regimen of opioid medications will almost certainly become chemically dependent on that medication, because of its interaction with the body’s central nervous system. Opioids bond to certain receptors in the brain, causing the increased release of dopamine.

Question 9

minim

Answer 9

The minim (abbreviated min, ♏︎ or ♍︎) is a unit of volume equal to 1⁄480 of an ounce.

Question 10

dram

Answer 10

(alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ; abbreviated dr)
The dram is a unit of measurement in two different measurement systems.

It is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system. In the avoirdupois system, the dram is the mass of 1⁄256 pound or 1⁄16 ounce. The avoirdupois system is a measurement system of weights that uses pounds and ounces as units. It was first commonly used in the 13th century AD and was updated in 1959. The USA and many British colonies still use this system.

It is a unit of volume in the apothecaries’ system. The apothecaries’ system is a historical system of mass and volume units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical recipes and also sometimes by scientists. It is no longer used.

The dram was originally both a coin and a weight in ancient Greece.

Question 11

non-ionizing radiation

Answer 11

Unlike x-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules.

Question 12

pesticide

Answer 12

A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests.

Pesticides include herbicides for destroying weeds and other unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects, fungicides used to prevent the growth of molds and mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria, and rodenticides used to control mice and rats.

Question 13

pheromone

Answer 13

A chemical that an animal produces which changes the behavior of another animal of the same species. Some describe pheromones as behavior-altering agents. Sexual behavior is not the only behavior triggered; there are others.

Question 14

desiccation

Answer 14

the removal of moisture from something

Question 15

miticide

Answer 15

A substance that controls or kills mites that feed on plants and animals.

Question 16

defoliant

Answer 16

a chemical spray or dust applied to plants in order to cause the leaves to drop off prematurely

Question 17

phthalates

Answer 17

A group of chemicals used to make plastics more durable; they are often called plasticizers.

Question 18

pica

Answer 18

an eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food (e.g. ice, clay, soil, paper)

Question 19

pagophagia

Answer 19

Pagophagia (compulsive ice chewing) is a particular form of pica that is characterized by ingestion of ice, freezer frost, or iced drinks. It is usually associated with iron deficiency anemia or mental abnormalities like intellectual disabilities, autism, etc.

Question 20

particulates

Answer 20

Particulates – also known as atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter, or suspended particulate matter – are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.

They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health, as well as negative consequences for general health (e.g. respiratory problems).

Question 21

asbestos

Answer 21

A group of six naturally occurring silicate minerals made up of thin, microscopic fibers. Asbestos offers heat and chemical resistance, fireproofing and strength. As a result, asbestos was a popular additive to a variety of products. Individuals exposed to asbestos face health risks including cancer and other illnesses because the fibers are composed of many microscopic “fibrils” that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes and inhaled in the lungs.

Question 22

silicate minerals

Answer 22

Silicate minerals are minerals that contain the elements silicon and oxygen in some proportion. Silicates are by far the most common minerals in Earth’s crust and mantle, making up 95% of the crust and 97% of the mantle by most estimates. Quartz, a mineral used to make oscillators for use in electronics, is a famous example (shown in picture).

(A mineral is a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.)

Question 23

oscillator

Answer 23

A mechanical or electronic device that works on the principles of oscillation: a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy.

Computers, clocks, watches, radios, and metal detectors are among the many devices that use oscillators.

Question 24

mesothelioma

Answer 24

A tumor of the tissue that lines the lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs.

Cancerous (malignant) mesothelioma is the most common form, usually affecting the lungs.

A cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath are symptoms.

Most mesotheliomas are thought to be related to asbestos exposure.

Question 25

eversion

Answer 25

1. the act of turning inside out: the state of being turned inside out
   One example for women is when the bladder passes through the urethra, turning inside out, and the bladder mucosa becomes visible through the vulva.
2. the condition (as of the foot) of being turned or rotated outward
   [shown in picture]

Question 26

inversion

Answer 26

1. a reversal of position, order, form, or relationship or to turn inside out or upside down
2. a reversal of the normal decrease of air temperature with altitude, or of water temperature with depth (i.e. temperature increases with altitude or with depth)
3. an ankle sprain that occurs when the foot falls inward and stretches the outer ligaments too far [shown in picture]

Question 27

graft vs host disease (GVHD)

Answer 27

Also called: runt disease

A condition that occurs when donor bone marrow or stem cells attack the recipient.

Question 28

runt

Answer 28

1. an animal that is smaller than average, especially the smallest in a litter
2. derogatory: an undersized or weak person

Question 29

ROM

medical acronym

Answer 29

range of motion

Question 30

M or mitte

medical abbreviation

Answer 30

send (amount)

The English root mit comes from a Latin word that means ‘to send.’

Question 31

sig

medical abbreviation

Answer 31

label

“Sig” is short for the Latin “signetur.” This means “let it be labeled.”

Question 32

ac

medical abbreviation

Answer 32

before meals

from the Latin “ante cibum”, before meals

Question 33

cc

medical abbreviation

Answer 33

with meals

Question 34

pc

medical abbreviation

Answer 34

after meals

from the Latin “post cibum”, after meals

Question 35

PO

medical abbreviation

Answer 35

by mouth, orally

from the Latin “per os”, by mouth

Question 36

IM

medical abbreviation

Answer 36

intramuscular injection

Question 37

SC or SubQ

medical abbreviation

Answer 37

subcutaneous injection

Question 38

stat

medical abbreviation

Answer 38

immediately

From the Latin word statim, meaning “immediately.”

Question 39

qd
bid
tid
qid
q_h
(medical abbreviations for when to take a drug)

Answer 39

q. d. (qd or QD) is once a day; q.d. stands for “quaque die” (which means, in Latin, once a day).
b. i.d. (bid or BID) is two times a day; b.i.d. stands for “bis in die” (in Latin, twice a day).
t. i.d. (tid or TID) is three times a day. t.i.d. stands for “ter in die” (which means, in Latin, three times a day)
q. i.d. (qid or QID) is four times a day; q.i.d. stands for “quater in die” (which means, in Latin, four times a day)

q_h: If a medicine is to be taken every so many hours, it is written “q_h”; the “q” standing for “quaque” and the “h” indicating the number of hours. So, for example, “2 caps q4h” means “Take 2 capsules every 4 hours.” Another example: q8h means every 8 hours.

Question 40

OS vs OD

Answer 40

When you look at your prescription for eyeglasses, you will see numbers listed under the headings of OS and OD. They are Latin abbreviations: OS (oculus sinister) means the left eye and OD (oculus dextrus) means the right eye.

Question 41

gtt

medical abbreviation

Answer 41

drop

from the Latin “guttae”, drops

Question 42

tab

medical abbreviation

Answer 42

tablet

Question 43

cap

medical abbreviation

Answer 43

capsule

Question 44

abbreviation

Answer 44

a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in place of the whole word or phrase