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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

the vertebral column is part of the — skeleton

A

axial

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2
Q

what is included in the axial skeleton? (5)

A 
cranium
mandible
spine
ribs
sternum
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3
Q

what are the two principle roles of the vertebral column?

A

to protect the spinal cord and to transfer loads from the head, trunk, and upper limb to the pelvis

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4
Q

human spine vs gorilla spine

A

humans have a signature s curve which allows for us to be officially bipedal, therefore our bodies were meant for walking

gorillas have just one curve (c shaped)

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5
Q

function if the intervertebral disc

A

to cushion between the vertebrae

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6
Q

primary curvature

A

the thoracic and sacral convex curvatures

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7
Q

secondary curvature

A

the cervical and lumbar concave curvatures

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8
Q

what is the indent in the middle of the back

A

median longitudinal furrow

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9
Q

what is c& spinous process

A

the part that protrudes at the base of the neck

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10
Q

where is the cervicothoracic junction?

A

C7

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11
Q

where is the scapular spine?

A

T3

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12
Q

where is the inferior scapular angle?

A

T7

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13
Q

where is the 12th rib?

A

T12

floating rib

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14
Q

where is the iliac crest?

A

L4

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15
Q

where is the greatest range of flexion?

A

the lumbar region

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16
Q

where does rotation of the trunk occur primarily?

A

the thoracic region

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17
Q

what are movements of the vertebral column are generally dictated by? (2)

A

shape and position of the superior and inferior articular facets

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18
Q

does the vertebral canal have more flexion or extension motion?

A

flexion

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19
Q

lateral flexion

A

moving the body laterally to the right or left

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20
Q

which region of the spine is the most mobile?

A

the cervical spine, need good range of motion to move our head

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21
Q

C1

A

atlas

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22
Q

C2

A

axis

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23
Q 
total across craniocervical region 
flexion 
extension
axial rotation
lateral flexion
A

flexion: 45-50
extension: 85
axial rotation: 90
lateral flexion: 40

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24
Q

flexion of the cervical spine is impeded by

A

the vertebral column

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25
Q

what is the capsule of apophyseal joint responsible for?

A

rocking and rolling of the head on the neck

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26
Q

rotational vertebral artery occlusion

A

the course of the vertebral aa through the transverse formamina of C2 (axis) and C1 (atlas) as they become the basilar a make them vulnerable to impingement

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27
Q

in certain cases, when the neck is rotated, rotational vertebral artery occlusion can occur through (3)

A
  • osteoarthritis/bone spurs
  • rapid and/or forceful twisting of the head and neck
  • atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis of the vertebral aa
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28
Q

occlusion of the arteries can lead to (3)

A
  • vertigo/dizziness
  • syncope (fainting)
  • visual disturbance
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29
Q

flexion and extension in the thoracic region is relatively limited due to (4)

A
  • presence of ribs-shape and orientation of articular and spinous processes
  • ligaments
  • relative thinness and intervertebral discs
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30
Q

exception to the flexion and extension of the thoracic region is

A

T12, which resembles a lumbar vertebra (transitional)

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31
Q

flexion and extension of the lumbar region is

A

relatively free

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32
Q

flexion and extension of the lumbar region is least at — and greatest at —

A

least: thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1)
greatest: lumbosacral junction (L5-S1)

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33
Q

lateral flexion/bending in the thoracic region is somewhat limited by (2)

A

articular processes

ligaments

34
Q

lateral flexion/bending is somewhat — in the lumbar region

A

minimal

35
Q

axial rotation of the trunk is an important aspect of human — —

A

bipedal locomotion

36
Q

orientation of articular processes in the thoracic region promotes

A

rotation

37
Q

the attachment of ribs to the thoracic spine somewhat limits the range of rotation that would be possible given the shape of the

A

articular processes

38
Q

by comparison, trunk rotation in the lumbar region is relatively —, due to the shape and orientation of the lumbar articular processes and facets (range of potential rotation increases slightly when this region is flexed)

A

limited

39
Q

during thoracic rotation, the ribs deform slightly to acomodate rotational motion, how is this possible?

A

because of the relative elasticity of the ribs and the costal cartilages

40
Q

during thoracic rotation, associated movement of the ribs subjects the sternum to

A

shearing forces

41
Q

the vertebral body is the — bearing portion

A

weight

42
Q

C1 does not have a

A

vertebral body, looks like a ring

no spinous process

43
Q

cervical spinous processes as

A

bifrid

44
Q

what are cervical ribs (supernumerary ribs)?

A

an extra rib (or pair of rubs) arising from the 7th cervical vertebra

45
Q

cervical ribs can result in

A

thoracic outlet syndrome (but not always)

46
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome can

A

impede blood flow by compressing blood vessels

47
Q

what are the three common variants of cervical ribs and how do they differ?

A

rudimentary: small, not attached, no cartilaginous portion
fused with first thoracic rib: large, attached to 1st rib
fully developed: a fully developed, separate rib

48
Q

what do thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

ribs

49
Q

which vertebrae are under the greatest amount of strain?

A

lumbar vertebrae

they transmit weight to the pelvis

50
Q

the sacrum is composed of

A

5 fused vertebrae

51
Q

the sacrum provides strength and stability to the

A

pelvis

52
Q

the sacrum houses and anchors the — — of the spinal cord

A

inferior part

53
Q

attached to the inferior end of the sacrum are 3-4 small, fused vertebrae called the

A

coccyx (tail bone)

54
Q

facet

A

articular surface

55
Q

what are the 3 parts to the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

posterior layer
middle layer
anterior layer

56
Q

middle layer surrounds and separates

A

the erector spinae muscles

57
Q

the anterior layer surrounds the

A

quadratus lumborum

58
Q

what does the stability of the articulated vertebral column depend on? (3)

A

the articular discs between the vertebral bodies
surrounding ligaments
surrounding musculature

59
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

fibrous, tough outer layers

joint connection between vertebral bodies

60
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

jelly/spongy

61
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus remnants of?

A

the notochord

62
Q

the intervertebral joints are joints between the

A

vertebral bodies

63
Q

the intervertebral joints are primarily maintained by 3 ligamentous structures

A
  1. annulus fibrosis
  2. anterior longitudinal ligament
  3. posterior longitudinal ligament
64
Q

what is the annulus fibrosus?

A

fibrous outer layer of discs

65
Q

where are the intervertebral discs the thickest?

A

the lumbar region, where they bear the most weight

66
Q

nuchal ligament

A

expansion of supraspinous ligament outward

67
Q

kyphosis (hyperkyphosis)

A

abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature (convexity)

68
Q

what can kyphosis result from?

A

developmental abnormalities, trauma, or degenerative disease

69
Q

lordosis (hyperlordosis)

A

abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature )concavity)

70
Q

lordosis is associated with

A

congenital abnormalities, muscloskeletal problems. degenerative disease

71
Q

lordosis can develop during

A

pregnancy to acomodate carrying a baby

72
Q

where is the most common region and cause of back pain?

A

lordosis

73
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine

74
Q

scoliosis can be

A

congenital, neuromuscular or idiopathic in origin

75
Q

herniated intervertebral discs tend to occur in the lumbar region and the herniation typically occurs in the

A

posterolateral direction

76
Q

why does herniation typically occur in the posterolateral direction? (2)

A

the posterior longitudinal ligament is not very broad, and the herniated material of the disc will take the path of least resistance

77
Q

thoracic region disc herniation is usually a result of? (3)

A
  • wear and tear, disc degeneration
  • sudden and forceful twisting of the midback region
  • other conditions that predispose individual, such as an abnormal kyphosis
78
Q

what is lumbar region disc herniation is usually a result of? (2)

A
  • frequent bending, twisting, and improper lifting increases load on tendons that reinforce this region, as well as the intervertebral discs
  • acute or sudden injury (a fall in which individual lands in a sitting position)
79
Q

what is spondylolisthesis?

A

anterior/ventral displacement of one vertebra on adjacent

80
Q

spondylolisthesis is a common progression from

A

spondylolysis, can also be congenital

Anatomy (29 decks)

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