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Anatomy > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory system consists of the

A

conducting and respiratory portions and ventilatory mechanism

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2
Q

anatomic components of the respiratory system (5)

A

Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostalmuscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT(lungs)

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3
Q

pressure differences move air into and out of the lungs, causing

A

inspiration and expiration

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4
Q

the nasal cavity conducts and conditions

A

inspired air (nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)

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5
Q

gas exchange between

A

air and blood (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)

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6
Q

functions of the respiratory system (5)

A 
conducts and conditions inspired air 
gas exchange between air and blood 
olfaction
phonation
defense
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7
Q

defense

A

components of the immune system in the walls; coughing

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8
Q

right lung has - lobes

A

3

superior, middle, inferior

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9
Q

left lung has - lobes

A

2

superior, inferior

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10
Q

right and left lungs are contained within separate

A

pleural sacs

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11
Q

right and left lungs are separated from one another by the

A

heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum)

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12
Q

lungs are elastic due to

A

elastic fibers in alveoli

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13
Q

lungs recoil to about 1/3 their uninflected size when

A

the thoracic cavity is opened

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14
Q

each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the

A

visceral and parietral pleura

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15
Q

the lungs are suspended from the mediastinum by the

A

lung root

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16
Q

lung root

A

a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs

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17
Q

the medial surfaces of both lungs lie in close proximity to

A

several mediastinal structures

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18
Q

apex is covered by

A

cervical pleura and projects 2-3 cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of neck

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19
Q

diaphragmatic surface or base is against the

A

dome of the diaphragm

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20
Q

costal surface is adjacent to the (6)

A

sternum, costal cartilages, the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and vertebrae

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21
Q

mediastinal surface is adjacent to the

A

mediastinum

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22
Q

anterior border is where

A

costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heard

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23
Q

posterior borer is where

A

the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet; broad and rounded

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24
Q

left lobes are separated by the

A

oblique fissure

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25
Q

can you have three left lobes?

A

yes

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26
Q

2 unique features of the left lung

A

cardiac notch

lingual (analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung)

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27
Q

what is between the super/middle and inferior right lung lobes?

A

oblique fissure

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28
Q

what is between the superior and middle right lobes?

A

horizontal fissure

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29
Q

size of right lobe compared to left

A

larger and heavier

shorter and wider

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30
Q

root of the lung

A

the structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung

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31
Q

hilum of the lung

A

the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue

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32
Q

pulmonary ligament

A

where the mediastinal pleurae passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura)

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33
Q

the structures forming the root of the lung are situated as follows (3)

A

pulmonary arteries are superior

main bronchi are posterior pulmonary veins, 1 anterior and 1 inferior

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34
Q

in the right root, the bronchus to the superior lobe may be the most — structure

A

superior

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35
Q

some structures in contact with the lungs leave impressions on the lung surfaces, such as (5)

A 
azygous vein
right brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava 
esophagus 
heart or cardiac impression
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36
Q

other structures which leave impressions on the lung surfaces (4)

A

esophagus
thoracic aorta
left subclavian artery
heart

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37
Q

the trachea and bronchi are supported by

A

c shaped cartilaginous rings

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38
Q

the trachea bifurcates into

A

main bronchi

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39
Q

a keel-like carina lies in the

A

sagittal plane

40
Q

the bronchial tree is a branching system of

A

air tubes in each lung

41
Q

from main bronchus to — terminal bronchioles

A

65,000

42
Q

main (primary) bronchi are supported by

A

c shaped hyaline cartilage rings

43
Q

right main bronchus

A

a 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea

44
Q

right bronchus is slightly — and more — than left

A

wider

vertical

45
Q

aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge

A

right bronchus more often than left

46
Q

left main bronchus is about 5 cm long

A

5

47
Q

the left main bronchus is slightly — and more — than right

A

narrower

horizontal

48
Q

lobar (secondary) bronchi are supported by

A

crescent shaped cartilage plates

49
Q

right lobar (secondary) bronchi

A

3, one superior, middle, and inferior to each of the lobes

50
Q

left lobar (secondary) bronchi

A

2, one superior and inferior to each lobe of the left lung

51
Q

segmental (tertiary) bronchi are supported by

A

crescent shaped cartilage plates

52
Q

segmental bronchi on right vs left

A

right: 10
left: 8

53
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

functionally independent unit of the lung tissue

54
Q

primary/mainstem bronchi are lined by

A

respiratory epithelium

55
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

56
Q

tertiary bronchi are — in diameter than lobar bronchi

A

smaller

57
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

the anatomical, functional and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs

58
Q

each consists of a (3)

A

a segmental bronchus, a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin connective tissue septum

59
Q

segmental (tertiary) bronchi can limit the

A

spread of infection

60
Q

segmental (tertiary) bronchi are more easily

A

removed

61
Q

segmental (tertiary) bronchi is drained by the

A

intersegmental pulmonary veins (in the connective tissue between adjacent segments)

62
Q

bronchopulmonary segments are clinically important because a surgeon can

A

resect a segment without seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue

63
Q

alveoli is the primary site of

A

gas exchange

64
Q

how does gas exchange occur between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

A

oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enter the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli

65
Q

pulmonary arteries run parallel to the

A

bronchi, usually on the anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus

66
Q

pulmonary veins run

A

independent courses from arteries and bronchi

67
Q

bronchial arteries supply blood for (3)

A

nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura

68
Q

two left bronchial arteries arise directly from the

A

thoracic aorta

69
Q

one right bronchial artery may arise from either (3)

A

a posterior intercostal artery or a left bronchial artery or directly from the aorta

70
Q

bronchial arteries provide branches to the

A

upper esophagus before following along the posterior aspects of the main bronchi

71
Q

bronchial arteries anastomose with pulmonary arteries in the

A

walls of the bronchioles

72
Q

— — drain some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries; some is drained by the — —

A

bronchial veins

pulmonary veins

73
Q

the right bronchial vein drains into the — vein and the left drains into the — — vein

A

azygous

accessory hemiazygous

74
Q

the nerves of the lungs are derived from the

A

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

75
Q

branches follow bronchi and blood vessels into

A

the lung

76
Q

what type of fibers do the nerves contain? (3)

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
visceral afferent/sensory

77
Q

parasympathetic

A

Derived from the vagus nerve. They stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.

78
Q

sympathetic

A

Thoracic splanchnic nerves derived from the sympathetic trunks. They stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels.

79
Q

visceral afferent/sensory

A

Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagusnerve.

80
Q

Lymph nodes around bronchi & within connective tissue picks (3) not filtered by the epithelium

A

up carbon, dust particles & pollutants

81
Q

lymphatic drainage flow

A

lymph drains
pulmonary nodes in the lung
bronchopulmonary nodes (hilum) tracheobronchial nodes
left and right bronchomediastinal trunks

82
Q

pneumonia

A

infection of the alveoli

viral, bacterial, fungal

83
Q

pneumonia may involve

A

segment, lobe or entire lung

84
Q

swelling of the

A

alveolar walls and fluid in the alveolar spaces

85
Q

swelling of pneumonia reduces the capacity for

A

gas exchange

86
Q

emphysema

A

smoking related disease
loss of area (alveoli) available for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue
alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil
alveoli expand but can’t contract/exhale air

87
Q

emphysema is the main form of

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

88
Q

with emphysema, you cannot — effectively

A

exhale

89
Q

what becomes trapped in the dilated alveoli?

A

stagnant, oxygen poor air

90
Q

chest size of those with emphysema

A

increased chest size or barrel chest from abnormally expanded lungs in

91
Q

— cancer is the second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women

A

lung

92
Q

lung cancer is the leading cause of

A

smoking and cancer related mortality in both sexes

93
Q

lung cancer originates in the

A

epithelium

94
Q

lung cancers manifest with symptoms produced by the (3)

A

primary tumor, loco regional spread, and metastatic disease

95
Q

pulmonary symptoms include (4)

A

chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), excess pulmonary mucus production and increased infections

Anatomy (29 decks)

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