Social Effect On Behavior

Question 1

A term that refers to alertness and readiness to respond

Answer 1

Psychological arousal

Question 2

The idea that w perform tasks better in group settings where psychological arousal is higher is known as

Answer 2

Social facilitation

Question 3

In simple and familiar tasks what is the shape of the psychological arousal and performance graph?

Answer 3

Linear. As psychological arousal increases so does performance
Ex. Bike riding- social facilitation example too

Question 4

For a complex task, what is the shape of the psychological arousal and performance graph

Answer 4

Upside down U shape or bell curve. The best performance is in moderate arousal

Question 5

What is the upside-down U shaped curve of psychological arousal and performance graph during complex tasks called?

Answer 5

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 6

The idea that you can work less hard, or be less productive, in a group setting because other people will up the slack

Answer 6

Social loafing

• does not have to be a conscious act (for ex. Clapping less hard when there are more people)
• applicable as long as there’s some measurable output

Question 7

Refers to people’s tendency not to offer help to someone in distress if other people, or bystanders are present.

Answer 7

Bystander effect

Question 8

Reasons for bystander effect

Answer 8

1. Diffusion of responsibility
2. We model our behavior on that of other people around us
3. Social etiquette- it might be considered impolite to pay too much attention to strangers in a public space

Question 9

the bystander effect was spurred by the murder of?

Answer 9

Kitty Genovese

Question 10

Describes how people tend to lose their sense of self-awareness in a large setting, due to a high degree of psychological arousal and low degree of perceived responsibility

Answer 10

Deindividuation

Question 11

3 main factors that contribute to deindividuation

Answer 11

1. Anonymity
2. Diffused responsibility
3. Group size- increases the effects of both anonymity and diffused responsibility

Question 12

Refers to the tendency of a group to make decisions or arrive at final opinions that are more extreme than the initial positions of the individual members of the group. Initial opinions get amplified over the course of a discussion

Answer 12

Group polarization

Question 13

Two factors that contribute to group polarization

Answer 13

Informational and normative influence

Question 14

Refers to the idea that in a group discussion, people are more likely to express points of view in line with the dominant viewpoint, and the disproportionate attention paid to such information reinforces individuals’ pre-existing viewpoints

Answer 14

Informational influence

Question 15

Refers to our desire to be socially accepted, affirmed, or admired within a group. This is more easily accomplished by agreeing with people than by disagreeing with people.

Answer 15

Normative influence

Question 16

Irrational decisions are made within a group due to pressures toward harmony and individual conformity

Answer 16

Groupthink

Question 17

8 factors that are characteristic of groupthink

Answer 17

1. Collective rationalization
2. Excessive stereotyping
3. Illusion of invulnerability
4. Illusion of morality
5. Illusion of unanimity
6. Mindguards
7. Pressure of dissenters
8. Self-censorship

Question 18

Refers to the belief that no serious harm will happen to the group. This unjustified optimism can result to excessive risk-taking

Answer 18

Illusion of invulnerability

Question 19

Refers to a rigid, unbending belief in the moral righteousness of the group’s cause, which helps blind group members to objections and leads them to overlook possible consequences of type or action

Answer 19

Illusion of immorality

Question 20

Refers to the assumption that the majority opinions in the group are unanimous

Answer 20

Illusion of unanimity

Question 21

This buffers illusion of unanimity because members who do disagree don’t share their opinion

Answer 21

Self-censorship

Question 22

Members feel pressure not to express opinions contrary to the majority group

Answer 22

Pressure on dissenters

Question 23

Refers to the tendency for group members to find reasons to ignore warnings and to avoids reconsidering their actions or assumptions

Answer 23

Collective rationalization

Question 24

Negative views about outside opinions or viewpoints lead group members not to take other perspectives seriously

Answer 24

Excessive stereotyping

Question 25

Refers to a phenomenon where certain members of the group filter out information that could destabilize teh group’s consensus

Answer 25

Mindguards

Question 26

Describes situations where someone’s behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up with the perspectives of others or with social norms in the community

Answer 26

Conformity

Question 27

The term for when someone’s beliefs or behaviors just happen to line up with those of the group

Answer 27

Convergence

Question 28

This emphasizes that convergence refers to pre-existing overlap

Answer 28

Congruence

Question 29

A subtype of conformity which corresponds to a genuine change in someone’s beliefs

Answer 29

Internalization or conversion

Question 30

A subset of conformity in which someone just goes along with the group but internally dissents

Answer 30

Compliance

Question 31

Middle ground between internalization and compliance, where someone’s behavior and beliefs change, but only kind of, and only in the presence of the group

Answer 31

Identification

Question 32

T or F. Conformity can be internalized norms that we conform to even when NO ONE ELSE is present

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Matching line experiment in which a group of confederate and one subject is presented a test. The subjects are more likely to state the the incorrect answer because to conform

Answer 33

Solomon Asch experiment

Question 34

Refers to responses to request form someone who has no power to directly enforce that request

Answer 34

Compliance

*differentiate from compliance as the subtype of conformity

Question 35

Involves offering something at a lower price only to raise it at the last minute, once the customer is invested in the purchase

Answer 35

Low-ball technique

Question 36

Refers to a change in behavior in response to a direct request from someone who has power to enforce that request

Answer 36

Obedience

Question 37

Stanley Milgram experiment

Answer 37

Electric shocks

Question 38

Philip Zimbardo’ Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 38

You know this!

Question 39

Refers to the myriad of ways in which those norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated

Answer 39

Social control

Question 40

Occurs when someone doesn’t follow a norm

Answer 40

Deviance

Question 41

This type of norm must be encoded somewhere, usually in a law or a regulation. Have specific penalties for violating them

Answer 41

Formal norms

Ex. Law, employee handbooks, charter of an organization

Question 42

This type of norms are just expectations and have no fixed penalties for violating them

Answer 42

Informal norms

Question 43

Refers to relatively insignificant informal norms that typically involve small details of everyday behavior
Ex. Fashion trends

Answer 43

Folkways

Question 44

Important informal norms that can you can get some serious disapproval for violating

Answer 44

Mores

Ex. Cheating on a partner or being jerk to people who work retail

Question 45

Refer to the most restrictive norms, or things that you just don’t do. This blur the line between formal and informal norms; some taboos are forbidden by law and others are not

Answer 45

Taboos

Ex. Incest and cannibalism

Question 46

Refers both to any punishment or negative consequence for violating a social norm and to any reward for following those norms. This is closely linked to social control. These are specific ways that social control manifests

Answer 46

Sanctions

Question 47

Refers to how the desire of approval from our peers- or the fear of disapproval from them- can be a particularly powerful motivator. This is another mechanism of social control

Answer 47

Peer pressure

Question 48

Refers to a situation in which there’s no longer a good match between society’s stated norms and the norms that an individual responds to. . This is often framed as a weakening or withering of social norms, but in any cases such a mismatch results in a breakdown of traditional systems of moral regulation, sometimes accompanied by negative feelings of apathy or despair.

Answer 48

Anomie- coined by Emile Durkheim

Question 49

This term does not just mean weird behavior; instead, it must be defined relative to a specific social norm that is violated. Although this isn’t necessarily negative, it is the case that theoretical approaches to this have focused on negative, criminal behavior

Answer 49

Deviance

Question 50

Focuses on deviance as behavior that’s learned socially.
*instead of “people do bad things because they’re awful human beings” this theory says :”maybe people do bad things because they learned to do so in some social setting”

Answer 50

Differential association theory

Question 51

The differential association theory draws form the _________ ___________ school of sociology in terms of how it sees behaviors as learned phenomena with culturally-determined significance

Answer 51

Symbolic interactionist

Question 52

Focuses on how people’s behavior is affected by being labeled as deviant. Being labeled as a deviant shapes peoples identity in a way that increases the frequency of deviant behavior

Answer 52

Labeling approach

Question 53

Refers to deviant acts committed before some receives a label

Answer 53

Primary deviance

Question 54

Refers to such acts that are committed after someone has been labeled, partially in reaction to that label. These are likely to be treated more harshly by society, and this concept has been found useful in trying to explain the process through which someone becomes a hardened criminal

Answer 54

Secondary deviance

Question 55

Looks at why people engage in deviant behavior, and in particular focuses on the role of social and economic pressures in pushing people towards criminal behavior

Answer 55

Strain theory

Question 56

Hypothesizes that people who experience social, economic, or even personal stressors may have negative emotional experiences that push them towards deviance or crime.

Answer 56

General strain theory

Question 57

Refers to how we learn the whole range of informal and formal norms that govern society by interacting with other people and institutions.

Answer 57

Socialization

Question 58

Occurs hen a new behavior suddenly becomes extremely popular, and then its popularity fades. One characteristic of this is its tendency not to stand up that well to time

Answer 58

Fads

Question 59

When the behavior that spreads like wildfire is freaking out about some perceived threat. Key point is that it must be irrational,. Even verging on the point of a collective delusion

Answer 59

Mass hysteria

Question 60

More temporary than mass hysteria or fads. These can be thought of as spontaneous episodes of civil disorder where people violently lash out against authority in some form or another, although sometime the target is unclear.

Answer 60

Riots- classic example of deindividuation