Learning

Question 1

Ways that animals and humans can be trained to exhibit certain behaviors

Answer 1

Associative learning

Question 2

Who launched classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

In Pavlov’s experiment, which is the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 3

Dog food

Question 4

In Pavlov’s experiment, what is the unconditioned response

Answer 4

The initial response of salivating

Question 5

In Pavlov’s experiment, the metronome or bell is what in the beginning of the experiment?

Answer 5

A neutral stimulus

Question 6

This refers to successful conditioning

Answer 6

Acquisition

Question 7

In Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of metronome becomes a?

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus

Question 8

In Pavlov’s experiment, salivation becomes what after conditioning has occurred

Answer 8

Conditioned response

Question 9

Refers to the fact that repeated stimuli elicit a diminished response over time

Answer 9

Habituation

Question 10

When the conditioned response stops when the conditioned stimulus is no longer being served with its reward

Answer 10

Extinction

Question 11

The process in which an intervening stimulus causes you to become re-sensitized to the original stimulus is called?

Answer 11

Dishabituation

Question 12

Under some circumstances, the conditioned response can re-emerge without requiring a separate conditioning process

Answer 12

Spontaneous recovery
*the conditioned response tends to be less strong, an effect that gets amplified as more cycles of extinction and recovery repeat

Question 13

What do you call a phenomenon when any rhythmic beating could elicit conditioned response even if it is not exactly a metronome?

Answer 13

Stimulus generalization

Question 14

The opposite of stimulus generalization when responding selectively to only one or a very limited range of stimuli

Answer 14

Discrimination

Question 15

Which psychologist developed operant conditioning? What else did he pioneered on?

Answer 15

B.F. SKinner; behaviorism

Question 16

Classical vs Operant conditioning

Answer 16

CC is limited to specific stimulus-response relationships, and doesn’t really give us a toolkit for incentivizing someone to do something more or less frequently or to even creat a distinct, complex behavior.

Question 17

In operant conditioning, rewards are known as

Answer 17

Reinforcers

Question 18

In operant conditioning, this is defined as anything that increases the frequency of behavior

Answer 18

Reinforcement

Question 19

In operant conditioning, these are defined as anything that decreases behavior

Answer 19

Punishment

Question 20

In operant conditioning, positive and negative means?

Answer 20

Positive: presence of a stimulus
Negative: absence of stimulus

Question 21

This increases behavior

Answer 21

Reinforcement

Question 22

This decreases behavior

Answer 22

Punishment

Question 23

This would mean administering a pleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior we would like to see increase

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

Means administering an aversive stimulus or adding anything , that decreases behavior

Answer 24

Positive punishment

Question 25

Removing a pleasant stimulus right after a behavior occurs in order to decrease it

Answer 25

Negative punishment

Question 26

Taking away a stimulus in order to encourage a behavior; for this to make sense logically, the stimulus must be unpleasant or aversive

Answer 26

Negative reinforcement

Question 27

Involves a behavior aimed to terminate an aversive or unpleasant stimulus

Answer 27

Escape learning

Question 28

Refers to a behavior that is intended to prevent an aversive stimulus from ever happening

Answer 28

Avoidance learning

Question 29

What would lead to the largest increase in the frequency of the behavior and is more resistant to extinction

Answer 29

Variable-ratio reinforcement schedule

*the reinforcement schedule that casinos deploy with slot machines

Question 30

This is when tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for a reward that triggers a more direct response, to the point that it could be suitable as a primary reinforcer

Answer 30

Token economy

Question 31

The strategy of just waiting for the desired behavior to spontaneously occur then rewarding it is known as

Answer 31

Capturing

*would require a lot of patience and time

Question 32

Technique in which progressive approximations of a target behavior a rewarded

Answer 32

Shaping

Question 33

Describes a form of non-associative learning in which a subject learns something that’s kind of in a background of the experimental design

Answer 33

Latent learning

Question 34

The tendency for animals to revert back to their instinctive behavior unless reinforcement continues

Answer 34

Instinctive drift

Question 35

Who established the importance of observational learning

Answer 35

Alfred Bandura

Question 36

Neurons rear are strongly implicated as contributing to observational learning. They could contribute to empathy and experiencing emotions vicariously

Answer 36

Mirror neurons