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Social Science > Sensory processing and Perception > Flashcards

Sensory processing and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors communicate 4 properties to the CNS

A

Location, modality (type of stimulus), intensity, and duration

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2
Q

Exteroreceptors vs Interoreceptors

A

Exteroreceptors- respond to stimuli from outside world

Interoreceptors- respond to stimuli inside the body

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3
Q

Various stimuli from inside body

A

Sense pain from within the body and dehydration/ overhydration

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4
Q

Olfactory and gustatory receptors both respond to which stimuli

A

Chemical stimuli

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5
Q

What cells are responsible for hearing? These are found in inner ear, convert pressure signals from sound waves into action potentials. they also respond to pressure to sense rotational acceleration

A

Hair cells

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6
Q

Semicircular canals contain a fluid called? This fluid moves in response to rotational acceleration

A

Endolymph

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7
Q

Hair cells in which structure send rotational information to the nervous system

A

Crista ampullaris

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8
Q

Type of mechanoreceptors that detect light touch

A

Tactile corpuscles

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9
Q

Type of mechanoreceptors that respond to sustained pressure

A

Merkel nerve endings

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10
Q

Type of mechanoreceptors that sense deep pressure beneath the surface of the skin

A

Ruffini endings

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11
Q

Type of mechanoreceptors that respond to high-frequency vibrations

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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12
Q

Receptors that detect pain

A

Nociceptors- some respond to mechanical stimuli, some to thermal stimuli, and some to chemical stimuli (ex. Capsaicin - spicy food)

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13
Q

These Interoreceptors detect pressure inside the body, like walls of blood vessels. These are subset of mechanoreceptors

A

Baroreceptors

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14
Q

Blood pressure is linked to 2 properties

A

Blood volume and hydration

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15
Q

These detect concentration of solutes in blood

A

Osmoreceptors

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16
Q

These receptors are found in and around muscles, tendons, joints. Give us a sense of relative position of the parts of our body in space. (Kinesthetic sense)

A

Proprioceptors

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17
Q

Proximal vs Distal stimulus

A

Proximal: what the sensory receptor picks up on
Distal: the environmental source of the signals

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18
Q

The threshold that a stimulus must cross in order to consciously perceive it

A

Threshold of Conscious Perception

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19
Q

The level of intensity that a stimulus must have in order to be picked up by sensory neurons. If a stimulus does not hit the threshold, it is not registered by our bodies

A

Absolute threshold

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20
Q

T or F. The level of stimulus can be pass the threshold of conscious perception but never pass the absolute threshold

A

False. The opposite is true. The absolute threshold can be passed but not the threshold of conscious perception

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21
Q

The smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that we can perceive as being different. Also known as the difference threshold

A

Just- Noticeable Difference (JND)

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22
Q

Tests whether research subjects can tell the difference between 2 stimuli

A

Psychophysical discrimination testing

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23
Q

For any given sensory input the JND will be a constant proportion of the original input

A

Weber’s Law (breaks down at extremes- too strong/ too faint)

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24
Q

Bear actually present and bear is perceive

A

Hit

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25
Q

Bear is actually present but bear not perceived

A

Miss

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26
Q

Bear actually absent but bear perceived

A

False Alarm

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27
Q

Bear actually absent and bear not perceived

A

Correct rejection

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28
Q

T or F. Signal detection can vary across people but is not affected by psychological states.

A

False. First part is correct but psychological states can affect signal detection

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29
Q

Sensory adaptation occurs where?

A

In the brain

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30
Q

These receptors are slow to adapt to stimuli

A

Tonic receptors

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31
Q

These receptors send a burst of action potentials, then stop. (Fast adaptation)

A

Phasic receptors

Ex. Hair follicles

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32
Q

Bottom up processing vs top-down processing

A

Bottom-up: individual pieces assembled to see the bigger pic

Top-down: brain decides what it is looking for, then assembled individual pieces to support that pic

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33
Q

We perceive objects or shapes that a re close to each other as forming groups

A

Principle of proximity

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34
Q

Objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group

A

Principle of similarity

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35
Q

If multiple objects intersect or overlap, we tend to perceive them as relatively few uninterrupted objects

A

Principle of Good Continuation

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36
Q

We infer the presence of complete shapes even when they’re incomplete

A

Principle of closure

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37
Q

Symmetrical objects are more likely to be perceived as whole than asymmetrical objects

A

Principle of symmetry

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38
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

Objects are interpreted in the simplest and most meaningful ways
(For Gestalt Principles)

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39
Q

Eye structure that turns certain wavelengths of light into action potentials

A

Retina

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40
Q

Cones and rods are photoreceptors located at which structure of the eye?

A

Retina

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41
Q

Which photoreceptor is responsible for perceiving color and fine detail

A

Cones

42
Q

Short wavelength type of cones is responsible for sensing which color? What is the wavelength

A

Blue- 420 nm

43
Q

Medium wavelengths type of cone is responsible for sensing which color? What is the wavelength?

A

Green- 530 nm

44
Q

Long wavelength type of cone is responsible for sensing which color? What is the wavelength?

A

Red- 560 nm

45
Q

Where are cones most commonly located?

A

Fovea centralis and macula (central region around the fovea)

46
Q

Which photoreceptor is responsible for sensing visual input in low-light conditions (responsible for night vision)?

A

Rods

47
Q

What is the pigment that the rods contain. This doubles as a photoreceptor protein and is extremely sensitive to light

A

Rhodopsin

48
Q

T or F. There are more cones than rods.

A

False. There are about 120 million rods and only 6 million cones.

49
Q

Which 2 structures of the eye focus the light?

A

Cornea and lens

50
Q

What structure of the eye actually lets light into the eye and which one blocks the light that is not supposed to get into the eye?

A

Pupil and cornea respectively

51
Q

Which structure of the eye contains the dilator pupillae and constrictor pupillae?

A

Iris

52
Q

Which muscle adjusts the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle through the suspensory ligaments of lens

53
Q

Which structure of the eye surround the retina, supply blood, and absorb excess blood?

A

Choroid

54
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

Sclera- gives the eye white color

55
Q

The cones and rods are not directly in contact with optic nerve. Instead they synapse onto?

A

Bipolar cells

56
Q

T or F. Bipolar cells have their cell body in the middle, with the dendrites in one end and axon on the other

A

True

57
Q

T or F. Each bipolar cell is connected to only one cone or rod

A

False. Each is connected to many. Information is integrated

58
Q

Bipolar cells synapse with ________, which are the components of optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

59
Q

Cells between cones/rods and bipolar cells. they inhibit photoreceptors, helping the eye to adjust to high versus low-light conditions and also synapse into bipolar cells too

A

Horizontal cells

60
Q

Cells in between bipolar cells and ganglion cells.

A

Amacrine cells

61
Q

Which 3 structures are mediary between rods and cones of the retina and the ganglion cells of the optic nerve

A

Horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells

62
Q

The bundle of nerves carrying visual information

A

Optic tract

63
Q

The optic tract runs through ________ _________ ________, which is contained in the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

64
Q

The main relay station for inputs from the retinas

A

Thalamus

65
Q

Specialized types of neurons in LGN

A

Magnocellular neuron and Parvocellular neurons - opposite functions

66
Q

Ability to pick up details

A

Temporal resolution

67
Q

Ability to see in detail

A

Spatial resolution

68
Q

Magnocellular neurons function

A

Specialize in detecting motion. Not good at picking up details

69
Q

Parvocellular neurons function

A

Specialize at picking up details. Not good at detecting motion

70
Q

Objects that are close to us move further across our visual field than objects that are far from us

A

Motion Parallax- cue to perceive depth

71
Q

Detection of individual stimuli

A

Feature detection

72
Q

Integrate multiple inputs simultaneously

A

Parallel Processing

73
Q

Systematically giving attention to one thing at a time

A

Serial Memory Processing

74
Q

Sound waves are ____________ waves that, in air, manifest as regularly repeating changes in __________ as air molecule move back and forth

A

Longitudinal ; pressure

75
Q

What cells are responsible for hearing?

A

Hair cells

76
Q

Where are the hair cells located?

A

In the inner ear within a structure called the organ of Corti

77
Q

T or F. The sound waves causes hair cells to sway, opening up sterocilia that allows the passing of positively charged ions which in turn cause the influx of Ca2+ Ions through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

True

78
Q

3 sections of organ of corti

A

Basilar membrane in the bottom,
Endolymph containing hair cells in the middle,
Tectorial membrane- rigid structure

79
Q

3 bones in the middle ear (ossicles0

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

80
Q

Which membrane divides outer ear from middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

81
Q

Connection to nasal cavity which is basically a valve that equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the environment

A

Eustachian tube

82
Q

These can amplify the the vibrations from the eardrum by as much as 10 times

A

Ossicles

83
Q

T or F. The thickness of the basilar membrane isn’t constant and different thicknesses respond to different frequencies of vibrations

A

True

84
Q

The thickest part of the basilar membrane is closest to the oval window and responds to (low/ high) frequency vibrations

A

High

85
Q

Allows the brain to infer pitch of sound based on which hair cells send signals

A

Place theory

86
Q

What structure divided middle ear and inner ear?

A

Oval window

87
Q

The nerve signals generated by the hair cells in the organ of Corti are transmitted through the?

A

Vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve

88
Q

The auditory signals pass through (medial/ lateral) geniculate nucleus in the thalamus on their way to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

A

Medial

89
Q

Hearing:

Left hemisphere vs Right hemisphere

A

Left: speech
Right: background noise

90
Q

Which cells are responsible for our vestibular sense?

A

Hair cells

91
Q

3 Endolymph-containing structure called ______________ __________ are responsible for sensing rotational acceleration

A

Semicircular canals

92
Q

Each end of the semicircular canal ends in a bulge called an _______, which contains hair cells

A

Ampulla

93
Q

This sense linear acceleration

A

vestibule

94
Q

Utricle vs Saccule of the vestibule

A

Utricle: detects motion in the horizontal place
Saccule: detects motion in the vertical plane

95
Q

Function of cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule

A

Cochlea: sound
Semicircular canals: rotational acceleration
Vestibule: linear acceleration

96
Q

CaC)3- containing structures in the utricle and saccule that helps stimulate hair cells

A

Otoliths

97
Q

Minimum distance for distinguishing two point stimuli

A

2 point threshold

98
Q

The smaller the 2 point threshold is the (less/ more) sensitive the area is

A

More

99
Q

Our skin is cooler than our normal body temp.

A

Skin: 80- 90s

Core body temp: 98.6

100
Q

Pain turned on/ off based on input

A

Gate Theory of Pain

101
Q

Taste pathway

A

Taste center of thalamus -> gustatory cortex (in insula)

102
Q

Smell pathway

A

Olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> limbic system

Social Science (19 decks)

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