Chapter 2: Practical Applications of Epidemiology

Question 1

What are pop. dynamics?

Answer 1

Changes in the demographic structure of a population associated with factors like births/deaths, immigration/ emigration

Question 2

What are the sections of pop. dynamics?

Answer 2

Fixed population. Dynamic population

Question 3

Fixed population?

Answer 3

One distinguished by a specific happening and consequently adds NO new members. The pop. decreases in size as a result of deaths only
Ex: Survivors of the 9/11 attack in NY; residents of New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina

Question 4

Dynamic population?

Answer 4

Adds new members through immigration/birth. Loses members through emigration/death

Question 5

What are disappearing disorders?

Answer 5

Disorders that were formerly common sources of morbidity/mortality but have disappeared since then
Ex: measles, smallpox, poliomyelitis

Question 6

Residual disorders?

Answer 6

Diseases that are largely known, but specific methods of control have not been implemented
Ex: Sexually transmitted (HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia), health issues from drugs/alcohol, etc.

Question 7

Persisting disorders?

Answer 7

Diseases that remain common but they come around here and there

Question 8

What is demographic transition?

Answer 8

The historical shift of high to low birth/death rates. In agrarian societies to more developed countries

Question 9

What is an epidemiologic transition?

Answer 9

Describes a shift in the pattern of morbidity/mortality from causes related primarily to infectious diseases to chronic degenerative diseases

Question 10

Pathogenesis?

Answer 10

Development of a disease w/in a host

Question 11

What are health disparities?

Answer 11

Differences in health outcomes that are closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage

Question 12

What is primary prevention?

Answer 12

Occurs during the period of prepathogenesis. It minimizes hazards to health and inhibit factors that increase the risk of disease. Includes health promotion and protection before the disease can even start
Ex: exercise, abstaining drugs or sex

Question 13

Secondary prevention?

Answer 13

During pathogenesis phase. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment as well as disability treatment
Ex: screenings to detect cancer, etc.

Question 14

Tertiary prevention?

Answer 14

During late pathogensis. The person already has the disease and has been treated clinically. Rehab is needed to restore patient
Ex: physical therapy, halfway houses, fitness programs, etc.

Question 15

Dose-response

Answer 15

“…in early analyses of the Framingham study data, relative weight seemed to be related to to an increased incidence of…

Question 16

Strength of association

Answer 16

“…for over fifteen years, prospective inquiries into smoking have shown the death rate from cancer of the lung in cigarette smokers is nine to ten times the rate in nonsmokers…”

Question 17

Biological Plausibility

Answer 17

“The evidence now available shows that tobacco smoke is a multipotent carcinogenic mixture that can cause cancer in many different organs”

Question 18

We discussed seven uses of epidemiology, grouped under two headings: (1) health status and health services, and (2) disease etiology. Which if the following types of studies fall under the study of disease etiology grouping?

Answer 18

• Estimate individual risks and chances
• Complete the clinical picture
• Search for causes

Question 19

Patients with chronic pain are often referred to a pain clinic to manage their pain. Which type of prevention measure is this?

Answer 19

Tertiary

Question 20

Which type of prevention is achieved in this scenario: The US Housing and Urban Development Department has achieved something spectacular. Through their efforts, and with the help of policymakers, have passed a mandate to remove all lead-paint chips and asbestos from every house across the US.

Answer 20

Primary

Question 21

To safely achieve _________ against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population would need to be vaccinated, lowering the overall amount of virus able to spread in the whole population. One of the aims with working towards this goal is to keep vulnerable groups who cannot get vaccinated (e.g. due to health conditions like allergic reactions to the vaccine) safe and protected from the disease.

Answer 21

Herd immunity

Question 22

Since the initial case was identified in July 2010, tuberculin skin tests were administered to 187 contacts during 2010–2012; 26 (81%) of 32 residents and seven (5%) of 155 nonresident contacts (facility employees and residents’ family members) had evidence of latent TB infection. Administration of the tuberculin skin tests to identify individuals with latent TB infection (i.e., infection without symptoms), is which type of prevention measure?

Answer 22

Secondary

Question 23

How to find a higher life expectancy in a graph?

Answer 23

Look at the growth/amount of people in the elderly age (80 and above). That country or location tends to have people who will live longer to see an older age.

Question 24

How to find the highest birth rate?

Answer 24

Look at which location has a higher rate at a young age/ age group. That means that more children were born or were alive