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Almenn sálfræði > 5. Kafli 2 > Flashcards

5. Kafli 2 Flashcards

1
Q

During auditory processing, loudness is coded by?

A
  • The firing rate of the axons of the auditory nerve

- The specific hair cells that the messages comes from

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2
Q

Which theory maintains that pitch perception occurs when nerve impulses that are sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave?

A

Frequency theory

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3
Q

Where do sounds arrive first?

A

The ear closest to the sound

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4
Q

Which theory of pitch perception states that the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks and most strongly bends the hair cells serves as a frequency coding cue?

A

Place theory

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5
Q

The disorder that involves problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea, is called?

A

Conductive hearing loss

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6
Q

What causes sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • Aging and disease can cause it

- Exposure to loud sounds is a leading cause

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7
Q

The loudness we experience is the result of both the rate of firing in the axons of the auditory nerve and the specific hair cells that are..?

A

Sending messages

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8
Q

A person who has irreversible damage to the receptors in the inner ear most likely suffered the hearing loss from?

A

Listening to loud music

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9
Q

Which cues does the auditory system use to localize a sound?

A
  • Time difference of sounds arriving at the two ears

- Intensity difference of sounds arriving at the two ears

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10
Q

In what important ways does the tounge contribute to gustation?

A
  • It has tactile receptors
  • It has taste buds
  • It has temperature receptors
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11
Q

The small bodies on the tongue containing taste receptor cells are called?

A

Taste buds

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12
Q

Sean had his eardrum punctured which resulted in..?

A

Conduction deafness

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13
Q

When a substance is taken into the mouth, it interacts with____ to form a chemical reaction that flows into the taste pore and stimulates the receptor cells.

A

Saliva

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14
Q

Will was born with damaged receptors within the inner ear. He most likely suffers from..?

A

Nerve deafness

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15
Q

The sense of smell is called

A

Olfaction

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16
Q

The olfactory receptors send their input to the olfactory bulb. This area is located in the..?

A

Forebrain

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17
Q

The sense of odours that comes from foods in the mouth is called?

A

Retronasal olfaction

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18
Q

The four tactile senses:

A
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  • Warmth
  • Cold
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19
Q

To which brain area do the receptors in the nose send their signals?

A

Olfactory bulb

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20
Q

The two major body senses are?

A
  • Kinesthesia with receptors in the nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints
  • Equilibrium with receptors in the inner ear
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21
Q

What are the chemical signals called that can be found in natural body scents?

A

Pheromones

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22
Q

The sense of smell that comes from odours in front of us is called?

A

Orthonasal olfaction

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23
Q

Free nerve endings:

A

Pain and temperature

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24
Q

Basket cell fibres:

A

Light pressure in hair follicles

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25
Q

Meissner’s corpusucles:

A

Light pressure on hairless skin

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26
Q

Ruffini’s endings:

A

Heat and skin stretch

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27
Q

Pacinian corpuscles:

A

Fast vibrations and deep skin pressure

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28
Q

What are the skin and body senses?

A
  • Equilibrium
  • Kinesthesis
  • Touch
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29
Q

Cutaneous touch:

A

The sense of touch arising from events on the skin surface

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30
Q

Proprioception:

A

Sensory input that provides us with information about the layout and movements of our body

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31
Q

Introceptive touch:

A

the sense of touch arising from receptors inside the body

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32
Q

Haptics:

A

The active use of touch and movement to explore objects and surfaces

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33
Q

A specific type of cutaneous receptor, the C tactile afferents, appears to be specialized for detecting..?

A

interpersonal tactile contact, such as stroking

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34
Q

Free nerve endings, Basket cell fibers, Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini’s endings and Pacinian corpuscles are all examples of..?

A

Tactile receptors

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35
Q

Where is the vestibular system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, located?

A

Cochlea

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36
Q

In which order is information about touch traveling from tactile receptors to the brain?

A
  1. Touch receptors (from the skin, for cutaneous perception, and from muscles tendons and joints, for proprioception) project to the spinal cord
  2. The spinal cord projects to the thalamus
  3. The thalamus projects to the primary somatosensory cortex
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37
Q

The fact that tactile sensors on particular body parts are represented in specific parts of the somatosensory cortex, is called..?

A

Somatotopic mapping

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38
Q

Paul has an arm amputated. Sometimes, however, he still experiences pain or other sensations in his missing arm. This phantom limb phenomenon is explained by the fact that touch perception is represented in the..?

A

Brain, rather than in the limb itself

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39
Q

Information from the skin (cutaneous touch) and from muscles, tendons and joints (proprioception) is projected to the spinal cord, which in turn projects to the thalamus and ultimately to the..?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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40
Q

Insights from studies of sensory processes, such as psychophysics, have practical implications because they help?

A

developing sensory prosthetics

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41
Q

The fact that the hands, the feet and the lips are overrepresented in the somatosensory cortex means that we have..?

A

Greater sensitivity for sensations in the areas and higher acuity for sensations in these areas

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42
Q

When information from different senses is integrated in the brain, we call this..?

A

Multisensory processing

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43
Q

Compared to the traditional view on multisensory integration in the brain, the more recent view states that..?

A
  • Primary sensory areas do communicate with each other

- Higher areas have top-down projections to primary sensory areas

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44
Q

Sea sickness especially occurs when people are below decks. Which two sensations are in conflict when this happens?

A

Vision (we see a stable wall) and Vestibular sense

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45
Q

When information from different senses is integrated in the brain, we call this..?

A

Multisensory processing

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46
Q

Compelling demonstrations of cross-model effects of one sense on the other, come from?

A

Multisensory illusions

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47
Q

When participants watch a video of a person uttering one speech, while playing a different speech sound, this influences their speech perception. This is..?

A

The McGurk effect

48
Q

The illusion in which participants report sensations in a fake hand, is called the..?

A

Rubber hand illusion

49
Q

Individuals may experience sounds as colours, or tastes as touch sensations of different shapes. This is called..?

A

Synaesthesia

50
Q

The McGurk effect is a perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between?

A

Hearing and vision in speech perception

51
Q

Several explanations for synaesthesia, the mixes of senses, have been proposed. What is considered?

A
  • Connections between sensory areas that are normally ‘pruned’ during infancy, remained present
  • A deficit in neural inhibition that normally prevents activity in one sensory area from stimulating other sensory areas
52
Q

The process organism use to interpret and assign meaning to the world is called?

A

Perception

53
Q

Bottom-up processing refers to the process in which..?

A

Individual features of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined into a single percept

54
Q

Synaesthesia:

A

It is rare and involves mixing of the senses

55
Q

Mary is looking for her bike. Her bike is red, so she pays specific attention to this colour while searching. Mary demonstrates..?

A

Top down processing

56
Q

The fact that we perceive scenes as involving separate objects, such as trees, buildings and people, is the result of..?

A

Perceptual organization

57
Q

Top down processing:

A
  • The influence of existing knowledge on how information is interpreted
  • The influences of our motives on how information is interpreted
  • The influence of expectation on how information is interpreted
58
Q

Oliver Sacks reported the case of Dr. Richard who suffered brain damage. Dr. Richard sometimes saw separate parts of a person as belonging to the same body or the same person. This demonstrates that brain damage can affect..?

A

Perceptual organization

59
Q

A person who show profound difficulties in recognizing visually presented information, such as to recognize objects, might suffer from..?

A

Apperceptive agnosia

60
Q

The gestalt laws of organization consist of..?

A

Similarity, proximity, closure and continuity

61
Q

According to the Gestalt law of similarity…

A

Objects that are closer in shape, size or colour tend to be grouped together

62
Q

Law of similarity:

A

Parts of a configuration that are perceived as similar, are usually perceived as belonging together

63
Q

Law of proximity:

A

Elements that are close to each other are likely to be perceived as part of the same configuration

64
Q

Law of continuity:

A

People link individual elements together so that they form a continuous line or pattern that makes sense

65
Q

Law of closure:

A

People tend to close open edges of a figure or fill in gaps in incomplete figures

66
Q

The mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of a person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon is called..?

A

Perceptual schema

67
Q

The idea of perception as a hypothesis about the nature of a stimulus (Gregory, 1966, 2005), states that the perceptual system..?

A

Searches a library of internal schemata to find the interpretation that best fits the sensory data

68
Q

The Necker cube changes before your eyes because your nervous system is trying out a new..?

A

Perceptual hypothesis

69
Q

The idea of ‘perception as a hypothesis about the nature of a stimulus’ (Gregory, 1966, 2005) recently regained interest in the domain of..?

A

Bayesian inference

70
Q

The ‘Bayesian inference’ view on perception is based on Gregory’s (1980) idea of ‘perceptions as a hypothesis’. It proposes that we are able to perceive objects in particular ways because..?

A

We infer those perceptions on our knowledge of the world around us

71
Q

Perceptual constancies allow us to recognize familiar stimuli..?

A

Under varying condition

72
Q

What allows us to perceive objects from many different angles, such as from the side or from above?

A

Shape constancy

73
Q

What makes that the perceived size of objects remains relatively constant even though images on our retina change in size with variations in distance?

A

Size constancy

74
Q

What type of depth cue is an artist mostly dependent upon when they paint on a flat surface?

A

Monocular depth cues

75
Q

The retina receives information in two dimensions (length and width), but the brain translates them into..?

A

Three-dimensional perceptions

76
Q

The monocular-depth cue that refers to the perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another, is called..?

A

Linear perspective

77
Q

When you look at a field of trees, you know that some of them are closer to you because they partially block your view of the trees that are farther away. In this example you are using the monocular depth cue of..?

A

Interposition to judge distance

78
Q

Patterns of light and shadow provide..?

A

Monocular depth cues

79
Q

Motion parallax tells us that if we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster..?

A

In opposite direction to those further away

80
Q

Binocular depth cues require..?

A

Both eyes

81
Q

3D movies make use of the principles of..?

A

Binocular disparity

82
Q

Convergence depth cues require..?

A

Both eyes

83
Q

When assuring that each eye sees a slightly different image, we make use of the principle of binocular..?

A

Disparity

84
Q

When each eye sees a slightly different image it is called..?

A

Binocular disparity

85
Q

Feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward to view a close object is called..?

A

Convergence

86
Q

The perception of movement is a complex process, sometimes requiring the brain to integrate information from several different..?

A

Senses

87
Q

In order to induce binocular disparity, during which each eye sees a slightly different image, researchers use a..?

A

Stereoscope

88
Q

Illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness, and then, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby is called..?

A

Stroboscopic movement

89
Q

The primary cues for perceiving motion are..?

A
  • The movement of the stimulus across the retina

- Relative movement of an object in relation to its background

90
Q

An illusion consists of a person’s analysis of..?

A

Perceptual schemas, hypothesis, sets and constancies

91
Q

Illusions are not only fun, but also provide important information about..?

A

How perception works

92
Q

Compelling but incorrect perceptions are called..?

A

Illusions

93
Q

In what illusion (named after an Italian psychologist) do distance cues create size illusions?

A

The Ponzo illusion

94
Q

What are the major influences on perceptual constancies?

A

Context or surroundings

95
Q

What is the name of the visual illusion in which two lines are seen as of different lengths when they are actually the same length when measured with a ruler?

A

The Müller-Lyer illusion

96
Q

In the Ponzo illusion, what depth cues provide distance cues that affect size perception and disrupt size?

A

Linear perspective and height of the horizontal plane

97
Q

The never ending staircase is an example of a perceptual distortion due to the manipulation of..?

A

Monocular depth cues

98
Q

The illusion behind the Ames room is due to a breakdown in..?

A

Size constancy

99
Q

What are the major influences on perceptual constancies?

A

Context or surroundings

100
Q

Which are a particularly important and salient type of stimuli in our environment?

A

Faces

101
Q

According to the feature theory of face perception, facial expression features are processed and then..?

A

Compared to memory, where personal identity is coded

102
Q

The Tatcher illusion demonstrates that it is more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside-down face, despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face. This finding demonstrates that..?

A
  • Feature-binding into a single face only occurs in upward faces
  • We process the different components of a face separately
103
Q

Which features of a face distinguish between gender?

A
  • Mouth
  • Eyes
  • Nose
  • Eye brows
104
Q

Which theory states that facial expression features are processed and then compared to memory where personal identity is coded along with these features?

A

Feature theory of face perception

105
Q

McClure showed that the ability to perceive the emotional expression in a face is superior for..?

A

Women than it is for men

106
Q

The facial feature most strongly associated with its attractiveness is its?

A

Youthfulness

107
Q

Propagnosia is the inability to..?

A

Recognises faces

108
Q

Which factors play a role in the development of sensory and perceptual development?

A

Environment and genes

109
Q

Which research field studies which aspects of perception occur in all people, and which differences result from cultural experiences?

A

Cross-cultural research

110
Q

What plays a role in the development of sensory and perceptual systems?

A
  • Biology - learning
  • Genes - environment
  • Nurture - nature
111
Q

Cross cultural research in perception helps to identify..?

A
  • Differences that result from cultural experiences

- Which aspects perception occur in all people, regardless of their culture

112
Q

Periods during which certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that underlie them are to develop normally, are called..?

A

Critical periods

113
Q

Thanks to technical advances, vision of some patients who have been (almost) blind most of their lives, can be restored. However, ..?

A

Their perception remained very poor

114
Q

Research with people whose visual capabilities have been restored to show that..?

A

No amount of subsequent experience could make up for their lack of visual experience during the critical period of childhood

115
Q

Blakemore and Cooper’s research on kittens expose to either horizontal or vertical lines provides an example of the existence of a ____ in the development of the visual system.

A

Critical period

116
Q

Blakemore and Cooper raised newborn kittens in the dark except for five hour periods during which they were placed in round chambers that had either vertical or horizontal stripes on the walls. This demonstrates that..?

A

The feature detectors of the kittens developed in accordance with the stimulus features of their environment

Almenn sálfræði (13 decks)

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