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Evolution > Exam 1 Lecs - 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecs - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Delta variant has a …

- leaves more … and spreads … among the population

A

higher fitness;
descendants;
faster

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2
Q

Antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance:

  • one of the biggest … challenges
  • occurs when germs like bacteria/fungi evolve … to the drugs designed to kill them
  • e.g. penicillin released in 1941 and in 42 they found the first … strain and other resistant bacteria also –> … occurring to facilitate this
A

public health;
resistance;
resistant staph aureus strain;
evolutionary mechanism

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3
Q

DNA testing:

- … DNA, using … to determine relationship of genome to … of the world

A

sequencing;
markers;
different populations

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4
Q

Around …-… ya, humans started migrating around the world from … –> last migration was to … around … ya

A

40,000; 49,000;
Africa;
Pacific Islands;
3000

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5
Q

Evolution:

  • change in living things by ….
  • only theory that can claim to … biology
  • one of the pillars of …
A

descent with modification;
unify;
natural sciences

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6
Q

Evolution:

  • change in … between generations
  • changes in … is not evolution
  • changes in … not evolution either
A

frequency in alleles;
individual development;
ecosystem

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7
Q

Key concepts of evolution:

  • … process
  • … and …
  • …
  • …
A

nonlinear process;
natural selection; adaptation;
random drift;
speciation

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8
Q

key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- … process
- we and all other types of living beings are at the … stage of evolution - no …/… beings

A

tree-like;
same;
superior; inferior

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9
Q

key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- we and all other types of living beings are at the same stage of evolution - no superior/inferior beings; all adapted to enviro we live in and there’s no … - all at the same stage; all share a …

A

superiority;

common ancestor

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10
Q

key concepts of evolution:
natural selection and adaptation:
- result of selection against organisms that are easier to see by predators will cause adaptation to have an appearance that’s similar to the … - i.e. …
- because those who are more difficult to see will …, so their alleles …
- at the same time, the predators that can see those more camouflaged organisms will …

A 
surroundings; 
camouflage; 
leave more descendants; 
increase in frequency; 
leave more descendants
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11
Q

key concepts of evolution:

Adaptation is a consequence of …

A

natural selection

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12
Q 
key concepts of evolution: 
random drift: 
- every time you have a ...
- ... and ... occur simultaneously 
- drift removes ... from the population
A

reduction in population size;
drift; selection;
variation

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13
Q

key concepts of evolution:
random drift:
- mechanism of drift is …, … –> because small sample sizes lead to a … sample

A

chance;
abiotic;
biased

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14
Q 
key concepts of evolution: 
random drift: 
- ...: drastic reduction in population 
- these events can lead to rise in frequency of ... from an adaptation point of view 
- ... can occur
A

bottleneck;
unfavorable characteristics;
fixation of an allele

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15
Q 
key concepts of evolution: 
main types of speciation: 
- ...
- ...
- ...
- ...
A

allopatric;
peripatric;
parapatric;
sympatric

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16
Q

key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- original population and there’s some formation of a … (e.g. …, …, etc)

A

barrier;
river;
mountain

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17
Q

key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- with enough time, species evolves into …, such that if the barrier is removed, they are … - cannot mix in the same … as previously

A

two different species;
reproductively isolated;
rate;

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18
Q

key concepts of evolution:
peripatric speciation:
- some individuals adapt to a … (new …)
- with time, they develop …

A

new niche;
environmental conditions;
reproductive isolation

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19
Q

key concepts of evolution:

parapatric:
- … and some individuals become adapted to certain types of …

A

climatic gradient;

climates

20
Q

key concepts of evolution:

parapatric:
- with adaptation, you have two different species: … won’t be as well adapted to either of the climates, selection process that favors adaptation to …

A

hybrids;

two different environments

21
Q 
key concepts of evolution: 
sympatric:
- most ... 
- they're in the same area and there's formation of ... within that area 
- e.g. ... in ...
A

controversial;
a new species;
cichlid fish;
Africa

22
Q

Short history of evo bio:

  • some ideas that species could change prior to Darwin - predominant idea was that species … before him
  • Darwin devised mechanism of … and … to explain evolution
A

could not change;
selection;
adaptation

23
Q

Short history of evo bio:

- In early 1900s, discovery of … allowed for development of …

A

genetics;

modern synthesis

24
Q

Most famous idea before Darwin was … idea of … - idea that species can change but it’s more of a … form of change

A

Lamarck’s; transformism;

linear

25
Q

Most famous idea before Darwin was Lamarck’s notion of transformism:
- main two mechanisms he proposed: species have an “…”, ….; inheritance of ….

A

internal force;
internal drive to change;
acquired characteristics

26
Q

Lamarckism:

- e.g. giraffes stretching their necks to reach higher levels, enables them to develop … and spread that to …

A

longer necks;

offspring

27
Q

Darwin was a …
~
One of the main samples that enabled him to develop his theory were the … He observed that they varied from …

A

naturalist;
Galapagos finches;
island to island

28
Q

Darwin observed that the Galapagos finches varied from island to island.
His observations of … enabled him to accept that species …

A

geographic variation;

change

29
Q

Darwin’s finches:

In different islands, there were different … and those finches were adapted to that

A

resources

30
Q

Darwin’s finches:
One of the main things that influenced him was … –> idea is that, as long as there are resources for the population, the population will keep … But at some point, … for the enviro will be reached and organisms have to … for resources

A

Malthus’s essay on population;
growing;
resource capacity;
compete

31
Q

Darwin’s finches:
One of the main things that influenced him was Malthus’s essay on population. –> explains a struggle for existence in terms of …

developed idea that forms that are better adapted to survive will … and lead to increase in … from one generation to the next

A

resource competition;
leave more offspring;
frequency

32
Q

Darwin’s finches:
Change in enviro, some individuals will be … to that change than others –> better adapted forms increase in frequency, poorly adapted would …; leads to formation of …

A

better adapted;
decrease;
new species

33
Q

initially, scientists imagined evolution as … and … –> thought that evolution should have an …, …, … pattern - not true

A 
one-dimensional; 
progressive; 
unfolding; 
predictable; 
progressive
34
Q

scientists thought that evolution should have an unfolding predictable, progressive pattern:

  • not true
  • species don’t have an inherent tendency to …
A

rise to higher form

35
Q

natural selection initially … by most scientists:

  • bc there was no satisfactory theory of …
  • some scientists argued that there were … between forms - no …
A

rejected;
heredity;
gaps;
intermediates

36
Q

while Darwin was developing his theory, so was …. The latter’s ideas weren’t widespread right away, but were rediscovered in …

A

Mendel;

early 1900s

37
Q

Modern synthesis:

- developed by …, … and … - they developed things in parallel

A

Fisher;
Haldane;
Wright

38
Q

Modern synthesis:

  • Put together … and …
  • developed … models that explain how selection works
A

mendel’s theory of inheritance;
natural selection;
mathematical models

39
Q

Modern synthesis:

- Fisher: … theory of …, …

A

genetical;
natural selection;
statistician

40
Q

Modern synthesis:

Haldane: causes of …, appendix with … theory of … and …

A

evolution;

mathematical theory; artificial; natural selection

41
Q

Modern synthesis:
Haldane:
- appendix with mathematical theory of artificial and natural selection
- explaining how … could occur in the …

A

natural selection;

wild

42
Q

Modern synthesis:
Wright:
- evolution in … populations
- worked out how selection could happen in populations through …

A

Mendelian;

Mendelian inheritance

43
Q

Dobzhansky studied … and wrote …

A

fruit fies;

Genetics and the Origin of Species

44
Q

Ernst Mayr: … and the …

Julian Huxley: …

A

Systematics and the Origin of Species;

Evolution: the Modern Synthesis

45
Q

George Gaylord Simpson: …
~
Led to emergence of new field called …

A

Tempo and Mode in Evolution;

population genetics

46
Q

These scientists were part of the society of …:

- notion that you could … human species through …

A

eugenics;
improve;
genetics

47
Q

These scientists were part of the society of eugenics:

  • very …. - made judgments of what are … and what aren’t
  • … were developed based on these notions
A

racist;
superior factors;
laws

Evolution (27 decks)

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