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Evolution > Exam 2 PPTs - 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2 PPTs - 5 Flashcards

1
Q

humans belong to the same clade as the …

A

apes

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2
Q

apes synapomorphies include:

  1. relatively …
  2. the absence of a …
  3. a more … posture
A

large brains;
tail;
erect

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3
Q

apes synapomorphies include:

  1. greater flexibility of the … and …
  2. increased flexibility of the … and …
A

hips; ankles;

wrist; thumb

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4
Q

apes synapomorphies include:

6. changes in the structure and use of the … and …

A

arm; shoulder

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5
Q

Humans specifically belong to the same clade as the … apes

A

great african

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6
Q

African Ape synapomorphies include:

  1. … skulls
  2. enlarged …
  3. short but stout …
A

elongated;
browridges;
canine teeth

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7
Q

African Ape synapomorphies include:

  1. changes in the front of the … (…)
  2. fusion of … in the …
A

upper jaw;
premaxilla;
certain bones;
wrist

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8
Q

African Ape synapomorphies include:

  1. enlarged … and …
  2. changes in …
  3. reduced …
A

ovaries; mammary glands;
muscular anatomy;
hairiness

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9
Q

… possible resolutions of the evolutionary relationships among humans and African great apes
the clade includes humans, .., … and …

A

four;
gorillas;
chimps;
bonobos

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10
Q

Divergence times for the apes. humans and chimps shared an ancestor roughly …

A

5 to 7 mya

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11
Q

A whole genome phylogeny of mammals:

  • branch lengths are proportional to a measure of …
  • humans and chimps and even humans and rhesus monkeys, are much more similar to each other than mice are to …
  • the overall divergence between humans and chimps is a little over …
A

genomic distance;
rats;
1%

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12
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans:
a possible early hominid - S tchadensis
it shows a curious mixture of traits:
- the small … makes it look, from the back, like a chimpanzee
- from the front its relatively … face makes it look like an Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, or Homo from as recently as 1.75 million years ago

A

braincase;

flat

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13
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
A. ramidus:
- small face and a brain the size of a chimps
- various features of its skeleton indicate that it was a good … and was also capable of … on the ground
- the team that discovered a. ramidus believes it is more closely related to … than to …

A

climber;
walking upright;
humans; chimps

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14
Q 
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence (undisputed early hominids): 
A. africanus and A. afarensis: 
- skulls with ..
- relatively ..., ... faces
- both species ...
A

small braincases;
large; projecting;
walked on two legs

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15
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence (undisputed early hominids):
K. platyops, A. anamensis;
- A brain the same size as that of A. afarensis
- K. platyops has … teeth and a … and more human-looking face than A. afarensis
- A. anamensis, is less well known

A

smaller;

flatter

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16
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Megadont archaic hominins:
- these species had … braincases and … faces
- they had enormous …, robust … and massive …

A 
relatively small;
very large; 
cheek teeth; 
jaws; 
jaw muscles
17
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
… hominids:
- many researchers consider these species to be among the first humans
- both lived in the same place at about the same time
- both forms have … than the australopithecines
- … faces than the australopithecines
- overlap the australopithecines in … and … size

A

transitional;
larger brains;
flatter;
tooth; body

18
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Premodern Homo
- features characteristic of humans:
- much … brain than any of the other fossils we have discussed so far
- relatively …, …. face
- smaller … and …

A

larger;
smaller; flatter;
teeth; jaws

19
Q 
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: 
Premodern Homo
features characteristic of humans: 
- greater ...
- longer ...
- reduced ...
A

height;
legs;
sexual size dimorphism

20
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo ergaster - from Kenya
~
Homo erectus:
- first human ancestor to spread throughout …, with a continental range extending from the … to …

A

Eurasia;

Iberian Peninsula; Java

21
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo erectus:
- possibly the earliest human ancestor capable of using …, … and … in coordinated groups, caring for … or … group members, and possibly … and …

A

fire;
hunting; gathering;
injured; sick;
seafaring; art

22
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo neanderthalensis:
- Lived in … until about 40,000 ya
- they most likely went extinct due to … into the modern human genome (…) , great … change, …, or a combination of these features

A

Eurasia;
assimilation; bred into extinction;
climatic change;
disease

23
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Neanderthal technology:
- … industry
- ability to create …
- craft at least … similar to … and …

A

stone-tool;
create fire;
simple clothes; blankets; ponchos

24
Q 
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: 
Neanderthal technology: 
- go ... through the Mediterranean
- make use of ... 
- ...
A

seafaring;
medicinal plants;
store food

25
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Neanderthal technology:
- …: …, … and …

A

cooking;
roasting;
boiling;
smoking

26
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
an anatomically modern H. sapiens:
- … were the first early modern humans to settle in Europe, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 48,000 years ago
- they interacted and interbred with the indigenous …

A

Cro-Magnons;

Neanderthals

27
Q 
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: 
an anatomically modern H. sapiens
cro-magnons: 
- ... braincases
-..., ... foreheads
- ..., ..., ... faces
- ... noses
A

large;
high; steep;
short; flat; vertical;
prominent

28
Q

The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:

  • the pattern of evolution from our common ancestor with the chimps has not been simple
  • … has produced a diversity of lineages
  • throughout most of the last 4 million years, multiple species have coexisted in …
A

speciation;

Afriac

29
Q 
Origin of the species H. sapiens: 
hypotheses on the transition from archaic to anatomically modern humans: 
- ... 
- ... 
- ...
A

african replacement;
hybridizaiton and assimilation;
multiregional evolution

30
Q

Origin of the species H. sapiens:

  • if the African replacement model is correct, then present-day racial variation is the result of … that occurred within the last 100,000 to 200,000 years
  • if one of the other models is correct, then present day racial variation represents a mixture of … and …
A

recent geographic differentiation;

recent; ancient geographic differentiation

31
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:

- … and … rely on overlapping neural circuits in the brain

A

tool use; language

32
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:

  • some of the individuals in the population reliably throw missiles, while others do not (this is talking about hcimps)
  • the chimps that throw had higher ratios of … to …, indicating a higher number of …
A

white matter; gray matter;

myelinated interneurons

33
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:

what separates human tools from those of chimps is the … of their … and …

A

sophistication;

manufacture; use

34
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:
- the modified anatomy of the … evolved in response to selection pressures associated with the manufacture and use of …

A

human thumb;

complex tools

35
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:
which of our ancestors had language?
- all apes have … except for humans
- the adaptive significance of this is unclear
- one hypothesis is that their absence facilitates …

A

air sacs;

spoken communication

36
Q

The evolution of distinctive human traits:
which of our ancestors had language?
- hyoid bones of neanderthals lacks a …, so do the hyoid bones from two 530,000 year old specimens of homo heidelbergensis found in Spain
- the hyoid of a 3.3 million year old Australopithecus afarensis found in ethiopia has a …
- on this evidence, it appears that spoken language arose some time between 3.3 million and 530,000 ya, probably in a member of …

A

bulla;
bulla;
genus Homo

Evolution (27 decks)

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