Exam 1 PPTs - 1

Question 1

Evolution:
- means change in living things by …
- is one of the most powerful ideas in all areas of science, and is the only theory that can seriously claim to …
- is one of the pillars of … -
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”

Answer 1

descent with modification;
unify biology;
natural sciences

Question 2

Evolution means …

Answer 2

change between generations

Question 3

key concepts of evolution:

1. …
2. … and …
3. …
4. …

Answer 3

nonlinear tree-like process;
natural selection; adaptation;
random drift;
speciation

Question 4

Evolution is not a …, … process

Answer 4

linear;

directional

Question 5

All living things share a …

Answer 5

common ancestor

Question 6

Adaptation:

example: camouflage
- appearance similar to …
- protection from ..

Answer 6

surroundings;

predators

Question 7

Genetic drift - bottleneck effect
start with parent population, then bottleneck occurs (…)
The … then make up the next generation

Answer 7

drastic reduction in population;

surviving individuals

Question 8

Speciation: 
... 
... 
... 
...

Answer 8

allopatric;
peripatric;
parapatric;
sympatric

Question 9

allopatric speciation:
initial step of speciation entails … formation, leading to populations …
this results in new … after equilibration of new ranges

Answer 9

barrier;
in isolation;
distinct species

Question 10

peripatric speciation:
initial step of speciation - … entered
evolution of reproductive isolation in …
new distinct species formed after equilibration of new ranges

Answer 10

new niche;

isolated niche

Question 11

parapatric speciation:
initial step of speciation - …
evolution of reproductive isolation in …
new distinct species after equilibration of new ranges

Answer 11

new niche entered;

adjacent niche

Question 12

sympatric speciation:
initial step of speciation - …
evolution of reproductive isolation …
new distinct species after equilibration of new ranges

Answer 12

genetic polymorphism;

within the population

Question 13

A short history of evolutionary biology:

1. evolutionary and … ideas before Darwin
2. … (1859)
3. the … of Darwin (1880-1920)
4. the … (1920s to 1950s)

Answer 13

non-evolutionary;
Darwin’s theory;
eclipse;
modern synthesis

Question 14

Most biologists in the years just before Darwin, accepted that species …
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829): ….

Answer 14

do not evolve;

transformism

Question 15

Lamarcks’ transformism:
two mechanisms:
- …
- inheritance of …

Answer 15

"internal force"; 
acquired characters (characteristics);

Question 16

Lamarcks’ transformism:
“In his famous discussion of the giraffe’s neck, he argued that ancestral giraffes had stretched to reach leaves …Their longer necks were … by their offspring, who thus started life with a propensity to … than their parents”

Answer 16

higher up;
inherited;
grow even longer necks

Question 17

Darwin’s theory:

• … voyage 1832-37
• Finches … from island to island
• These observations of … probably first led Darwin to accept that species can …
• Organisms are beautifully adapted to their …

Answer 17

Beagle; 
varied; 
geographic variation; 
change; 
habits of life

Question 18

Darwin’s theory:
species change -> …
Why species change? What is the mechanism of change?
- struggle for … (Malthus’s Essay on Population)
- “it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be … and unfavourable ones to be …”
- mechanism of change -> ..

Answer 18

evolution; 
existence; 
preserved; 
destroyed; 
natural selection

Question 19

Darwin’s theory:
Natural selection:
- because of the struggle for existence, forms that are better adapted to survive will … and automatically … from one generation to the next

Answer 19

leave more offspring;

increase in frequency

Question 20

Darwin’s theory:
Natural selection:
- As the environment changes through time (for example, from humid to arid), different forms of a species will be … than were the forms in the past. The better adapted forms will …, and the now poorly adapted forms will …
- “the result of this would be the …”

Answer 20

better adapted to it;
increase in frequency;
decrease in frequency;
formation of a new species

Question 21

Darwin’s theory:
Evolution:
- Many biologists came to accept evolution but they imaged evolution as … and …
- thought that evolution should have an …, …, … pattern

Answer 21

one-dimensional; 
progressive; 
unfolding; 
predictable; 
progressive

Question 22

Darwin’s theory:

• Evolution is not inherently or automatically …
• the species does not have an inherent tendency to …

Answer 22

progressive;

rise to a higher form

Question 23

Darwin’s theory:

• Natural selection was … by most scientists
• This is because there was no satisfactory theory of …
• … and the … were unknown
• the existence of … was considered inconsistent with the theory

Answer 23

rejected; 
heredity; 
genes; 
DNA; 
gaps between forms

Question 24

Darwin’s theory:

• … ideas were rediscovered in 1900-1920
• Modern synthesis put together by …, … and …

Answer 24

Mendel’s;

RA Fisher; JBS Haldane; Sewall Wright

Question 25

Modern synthesis 1918 - 1942:

… + … —> …

Answer 25

Mendel’s theory of inheritance;
Darwin’s theory of natural selection;
population genetics

Question 26

Modern synthesis 1918 - 1942:

• Fisher published his book … in 1930
• Haldane published … in 1932; it contained a long appendix under the title “A mathematical theory of … and …”
• Wright published a long paper on … in 1931

Answer 26

The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection;
The Causes of Evolution;
artificial; natural selection;
Evolution in Mendelian populations

Question 27

Modern synthesis 1918 - 1942:
Dobzhansky’s major book, … was first published in 1937
Ernst Mayr: … (1942)
Julian Huxley: … (1942)

Answer 27

Genetics and the Origin of Species;
Systematics and the Origin of Species;
Evolution: the Modern Synthesis

Question 28

Modern synthesis 1918 - 1942:

George Gaylord Simpson: … (1944)

Answer 28

Tempo and Mode in Evolution;