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Evolution > Exam 2 Lecs - 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecs - 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  • terminal nodes aka … –> these represent …
  • two assumptions in phylogenetic tree –> 1. …: always have one common ancestor for two species 2. … is never sampled
A

leaves;
bifurcation;
ancestral

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2
Q

two assumptions in phylogenetic tree

  • bifurcation
  • ancestral is never sampled –> … species will always be at the leaves of the tree, never at the node
  • we assume that we can’t …
A

extant;

sample the ancestral species

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3
Q

… give polarity to tree –> helps you understand what is … and what isn’t

A

outgroups;

ancestral

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4
Q

monophyletic group:

  • if you include every leaf that is a …, it’s a monophyletic group (i.e. ..)
  • these are the groups we … and …
A

descendant of a particular node;
clade;
identify;
name

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5
Q

…: more recent transitions

- they’re not …

A

apomorphic;

at the nodes

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6
Q

apomorphic transitions:

  • …: shared by two or more terminal nodes
  • …: only one terminal node, doesn’t define a group
A

synapomorphic;

autapomorphic

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7
Q

… character: nascent character

  • always at the … of the tree
  • always … to the group you’re looking at and the characters they have
A

plesiomorphic;
root;
relative

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8
Q

monophyletic group is also a group formed by all … that ..

A

OTUs; synapomorphy

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9
Q

monophyletic group is also a group formed by all OTUs that share a synapomorphy

  • to form a group, you have to …
  • can’t have monophyletic group if you …
A

share a character;

lack a synapomorphy

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10
Q

phylogenetic trees have information about …

  • …: has absolute time
  • generally, though, it’s …
A

time;
time calibrated;
relative time

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11
Q

…: easiest way of building a tree, optimizing it for …

A

parsimony;

fewer steps

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12
Q
  • can’t use … as basis for a phylogenetic tree
  • convergent evolution can happen multiple times in tree of life bc there’s a chance for convergent evolution every time there are the …
A

homoplasy;

same environmental pressures

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13
Q

Peacock and peacock spider both have a fan that they use to attract a mate
- … example - 2 different lineages but evolved something … that …

A

homoplasia;
independently;
has the same function

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14
Q
  • caiman and hippos have same eye placement in the head - also …
  • both peacock and caiman examples are examples of …
  • parsimony minimizes incidents of … in the tree
A

homoplasia;
convergent evolution;
homoplasy

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15
Q
  • tumors group together and dogs group together for the canine transmissible venereal tumor - supports the idea that the cells are …
  • idea that body louse live n the clothes, they only evolved when humans …
A

moving from one dog to another;

began wearing clothes

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16
Q

idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:

  • body louse evolved from …
  • when we find common ancestor of head louse and body louse, we can know …
A

head louse;

when humans started wearing clothes

17
Q

idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
- if you know how many … there are between head and body louse and … you can find when in time the ancestor of head and body louse existed

A

mutations;

mutation rate

18
Q

idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:

if you know how many mutations there are between head and body louse and mutation rate you can find when in time the ancestor of head and body louse existed
- sequence DNA and find … to find mutation rate - but you need something to … –> to do that, they use data from different studies

A

mutation rate;

calibrate the clock

19
Q

idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
sequence DNA and find number of differences to find mutation rate - but you need something to calibrate the clock
- to do that, they use data from different studies –> sequenced chimp lice to use that as calibration for the phylogenetic tree, estimated timing of most recent common ancestor to be around … ya

A

107,000

20
Q

if chameleon divergence separates around same time as islands, there’s support that they just stayed on the island and separated with separation of the islands. otherwise, there’s support for the vegetation hypothesis
- the data, which shows divergence occurred around 38.4 mya - supports the idea that they …. from Africa to the Seychelles (… idea)

A

dispersed;

vegetation

21
Q
  • …: using phylogeny and geography to look at how species moved
A

phylogeography

22
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • …: more complex cells formed
  • then … evolved into plant kingdom, … into fungus kingdom, … that evolved into animals - these simple forms of life are protists
A

endosymbiosis;
algae;
molds;
amoebas

23
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • red algae and brown algae - green algae
  • green algae is where … evolution occurred
  • algae led to earliest … (e.g. moss)
  • then, simplest plants like … Then, … plants - then plant kingdom splits into conifers then angiosperms
A

chloroplast;
land plants;
ferns;
seed bearing

24
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • cambrian explosion 550 mya, animal life started to go in many directions due to … (one side mirrors the other side)
  • protostomes and deuterostomes, vertebrates evolved from … –> earliest vertebrates were …, and then cartilaginous creatures and then fish with full skeleton (bony fish), then ray finned fish and lobe finned fish
A

bilateria;
deuterostomes;
fish

25
Q

Tree of Life video:
protostomes and deuterostomes:
- fish that could prop themselves up in water
- then evolution of … - 4 limbs –> then .., then evolution of … which enabled some animals to lay eggs on land

A

tetrapods;
amphibians;
amniotic sac

26
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • then amphibians, then evolution of amniotic sac which enabled some animals to lay eggs on land
  • then synapsids which evolved into … and then sauropsids which led to … and …
A

mammals;

birds; reptiles

27
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • birds are …
  • … reptiles and …
A

reptiles;

avian; non-avian

28
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • duck billed platypus one of the earliest mammals
  • mammals have … and …
  • marsupials and placentals evolved differently due to …
A

hair; mammary glands;

geography

29
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • some carnivores went back to water –> …, …, etc
  • two independent evolutions of going back to the water as a habitat within mammals
  • supraprimates evolution –> led to … evolution
A

seals; whales;

human

30
Q

Tree of Life video:

  • supraprimates evolution –> led to human evolution
  • … are closely related to primates which is why they can be used as model organisms in the lab
  • humans evolved from …
A

rodents;

apes

Evolution (27 decks)

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