Chapter 6 pt 1) Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards
Skeletal Cartlidge
- Made of any variety of cartlidge and is shaped to fit body location and function. (EX at the ends of bones)
- Will spring back to original shape after compression
Perichondrium
-Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage. Helps cartilage resist outward expansion and get nutrients (via diffusion)
-Hyaline cartilage
- Found as Articular (joints), Costal (Ribs), Respiratory (Larynx), and Nasal Cartilage (nose tip)
Elastic Cartlidge
-Found in External Ear and Epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
-Found in Meniscui (of knee) and Vertebreal discs
Cartlidge Growth (2 Ways)
- Appositional Growth) Pericondrium contains cartlidge making cells which secrete new matrix on the old cells. New matrix laid down on the surface.
- Intersitital Growth) Condroctyes divide within lacuane and secrete matrix. New matrix made within cartlidge.
Seven Functions of Bones
- Support) Body and Soft organs.
- Protection) Skull protects brain, spine protects spinal chord, ribs protect thoracid organs.
- Anchorage) for skeletal muscles
- Mineral Growth Factor Storage) Stores minerals such as phospate and calcium to release into the blood stream
- Blood cell formation) Hematopoiesis
- Triglyceride (fat) storage) for energy
- Horomone production) of osteocalcin which is involved in horomone regulation.
Classification of Bones (location)
- Axiel Skeleton) bones of skull, vertebral collum, and rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton) bones of the limbs and gurdles (joints) attaching limbs to the body
Shapes of Bones
- Long Bones) Longer than they are wide (limb bones)
- Short bones) cube shaped bones (in Wrist and ankle)
- Sesmoid Bones) type of short bone, considered a “floating bone”
- Flat Bones) Thin, Flat, Slightly Curved. (sternum, scapule, rib, skull bones)
- Irregular Bones) Complicated Shapes (Vertebrae, Hip Bones).
Compact and Spongy Bone
- Compact Bone) Dense Outer layer of every bone. Looks smooth and solid.
- Spongy Bone) Inside of bone made of a honeycomb of small pieces of flat bones called trabeculae. (Open spaces betewwn trabeculae are filled with bone marrow)
Structure of Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones
- Thin plates of Spongy bone covered by Compact bone
- Compact bone is between two membranes called the periosteum and endosteum.
- Have No shaft or ends. Bone marrow is scattered in the trabeculae.
Structure of Long Bones
All have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyesis) and Membranes.
- Diaphysis) Tublar shaft of bone. Consists of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity (filled with yellow bone marrow in adults)
- Epiphyses (singular is epiphysis) ends of long bones. Consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
- Epiphyseal Line) remenant of epiphyseal plate which is the site of bone growth in children.
Periosteum
Fibrous Membrane that covers External bone surfaces except for joints (cartlidge)
- Contains nerve fibers/ blood vessels in shafts called nutrient formens.
- Provides anchoring points for tendons/ ligaments.
Two Layers
- Ostogenic (inner) layer) next to bone surface. Contains ostoprogenitor (stem) cells which give rise to most bone cells.
- Fibrous (outer) layer) Made of dense irregular connective tissue (collegen) and perforating (sharpy’s) fibers that secure periostium to the bone matrix.
Endosteum
Connective Tissue Lining of internal bone surface
- Covers trabecule
- Lines canals through the bone
- Contains osteoprognitor cells.
Hematopietic Tissue (bone marrow)
- Red Marrow) found in diffrent locations in infants (all bones) and adults
- In adults Red marrow can be found in the heads of the femur/ humerus, but the most active areas of hematopoeisis occur in the spongy area of flat bones and some irregular bones.
Bone Markings
Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachemnt. Also for joint formation or conduidts for blood vessels and nerves
- Projection) outward buldge of the bone.
- Depression) bowl or groove. can serve as passagways or for joints
- Opening) hole or canal bone that serves as a passage.
Tuberosity
- Large, Rounded projection. May be rough
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
