Chapter 22 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Major Functions of Respritory System
A
- Major Function
- Supply O2 for cellular respiration
- dispose of CO2
- Done through the process of Respriation
- Also functions in olfaction and speech
2
Q
Process’ of Respriation
A
- Respritory system
-
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
- movment of air into and out of lungs
-
External respriation
- O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
- Circulitory System
-
Transport
- O2 and Co2 in blood
- Internal Respriation
- O2 and CO2 echange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
3
Q
Functional Anatomy
A
- upper respritory system) consists of structures from the nose to larynx
- lower respritory sytem) consists of the larynx and all the structures below it
4
Q
The Nose
A
- Functions
- Airway for respriation
- warms entering air
- Filters and cleans air
- Resonating chamber for Speech
- Smell
- External Nose
- Root (area between eyebrows)
- Bridge) dorsum nasi
- Apex (top of nose)
- Nostrils are surrounded by alae
5
Q
Internal Nasal Cavity
A
- Cavity that lies in and posterior to external nose
- Divided by Nasal Septum (midline)
- Posterior Nasal apatures) continious with nasal canal
- Roof) Ethmoid and Sephnoid bones
- Floor) formed by the palate
- Nasal Vestibule) superior to the nostrils
- Vibriasse (hairs) folter coarse particles
- Olfactory Mucose) Contains Smell receptors
- lies in olfactory epitheliam
- Respritory mucose) lines most of the nasal cavity
- Psuedostratifued ciliated columnar epitheliam with goblet cells
- secrete lysozyme and defensisns
- Cillia moves mucas to throat
- Nasal Chonche) increase air turbulance
- nasal meatus) grove inferior to conche
- Paranasal Sinuses
- Lighthen skull/ warm air
- Functions of Nasal Mucosa and Chonche
- Filter and heat air during inhalation
- Reclaim heat and moisture during exhlation
6
Q
Rhinitis
A
- inflmation of nasal mucosa with excessive mucus production
- caused by cold virusus, bacteria and various allergens
- Nasal mucosa continuious with mucousa of respritory tract
- Spreads From Nose > Throat> Chest
- Sinisitus) when rhinitis spreads to paranasal sinuses
- Sinus Headahe) Mucus/ infectious material blocks sinus passageways to nasal cavity creating pressure.
7
Q
Pharynx
A
- Muscular Tube from Skull to C6
- connects nasal cavity/ mouth to larynx and esophagus
- composed of skeletal muscle
- Three regions
- Nasopharynx. Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
8
Q
Nasopharynx
A
- AIR passageway posterior to the nasal cavity
- Lined by psudostratified columnar epithelium
- Soft Plalte/ Uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing.
- Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)
- Located on Posterior wall
- Traps and destroys pathogens
- Pharyngotympanic (Auditory) Tubes
- drains and equalizes pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls of nasopharynx
- Tubal Tonsil) ridge of pharengeal mucosa that protects against ear infections
9
Q
Oropharynx
A
- Passageway for food and air from anywhere between the soft palate and epiglottis
- Lined by Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Isthmus of fauces (throat) opening to oral cavity
- Palentine Tonsils) In lateral walls, posterior to oral cavity
- Lingual tonsil) located on the posterior surface of the tongue
10
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
- Passageway for food and air
- Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where it is continuious with the esophagous
11
Q
Lower Respritary System
A
- Consists of two zones
- Respritory Zones) sites of gas exhange
- all microscopic structures (Respritory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
- Conducting Zones) All respiratory passageways from nose to bronchioles.
- provide conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites
- Cleanse, Warm and Humidifys air
12
Q
Larynx (Voice Box)
A
- Attaches to the hyoid bone superiorly
- opens into the laryngopharynx
- Continuous with trachea
- Functions
- Provides and open airway
- Routes air and food into proper channels
- Voice Production) Houses vocal folds
- Framwork of Larynx is arrangment of nine cartliges (Hayline cartlidge)
- Thyroid Cartlidge with Larengal prominence (Adams apple)
- Ring Shaped Circoid Cartlidge
- Paired, Artenoid, Cuniform, and Corniculate Cartlidges
- Arytenoid holds vocal folds
- Epigliottis) ninth cartlidge made of elastic cartlidge
- covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
- Initiates cough reflex to expel the substance.
- Covered with taste-bud containing mucosa
13
Q
Vocal Ligaments
A
- Deep to laryngeal mucosa on each side
- composed largley of elastic fibers
- Attach artenoid cartlidge to thyroid cartlidge
- Form core of Vocal folds (true vocal chords) which lack blood vessels
- Glottis) opening between vocal folds
- Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes from the lung
- Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
- superior to vocal folds
- No part in sound production
- Help to close glottis during swallowing
14
Q
Epihtelium of Larynx
A
- Superior Portion) Stratified Squamois Epithelium
- Inferior Vocal Folds) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
15
Q
Voice Production
A
- Speech Involves release of air while opening/closing glottis
- Pitch) Determined by length/tension of vocal chords
- Tenser chords = Faster Vibration =Higher Pitch
- Boys larynx’s enlarge during puberty and their voice becomes deeper
- Loundness) Depends upon force of the air
- Yelling is louder than wispering
- Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhounce sound quality
- Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of pharynx, tounge, soft palate and lips.
16
Q
Sphincter Functions of Larynx
A
- Vocal Folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage
- Vasalva’s manuever (Occurs during abdominal strain accociated shitting)
- Glottis Closes to prevent exhalation
- Abdominal muscles contract
- Intra-Abdominal pressure rises
- Helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk durign heavy lifitng
17
Q
Trachea (windpipe)
A
- From Larynx into Mediastium
- Wall composef of three layes plus a layer of hyaline cartlidge
- Mucose) cilliated psudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
- Submucosa) CT with seromucous glands that help produce mucus
- Adventitia) Submucosa is supported by 16-20 C shaped rings of Hylane cartlidge encased by Adventitia
- Trachealis Muscle) Connects Posterior Parts of Cartilage rings.
- allows flexibality for food and air to pass
- Carina) Where trachea branches into two main bronchi
18
Q
Bronchi and Subdivisions
A
- Bonchial Tree > Conducting Zone Structures > Respritory Zone Structures
- Conducting Zone Structures
- Trachea > Right or Left main (primary) bronchi
- Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
- Right bronchus wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
- Main bronchi branches into Lobar (secondary) bronchi
- Three on the right, two on the left
- Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
- Lobar bronchus branches into Segmental (tertiary) bronchi, Which divide repeateadly
- Branches become smaller and smaller
- Bronchioles) less than 1 mm in diameter
- Terminal Bronchiles) smallest less than .5 mm
19
Q
Conducting Zone Structural Changes
A
- Support Structures Change
- Carlige rings become irregular plates
- In Bronchiles elastic Fibers relace cartlidge
- Epthelium Type Change
- Epithelium Changes from psuedostratified columnar to simple columnar then to simple cuboidal in terminal bronchiles
- Amount of Smooth Muscle Increases
- Allows Constriction
20
Q
Respritory Zone Structures
A
- Begins as Terminal Bronchioles > Respritory bronchioles > aveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveolar saccules
- Avelolar sacs contain clusters of alvoli
- 300 million make up most of lung volume
- sites of gas exchange
21
Q
Respritory Membrane
A
*
22
Q
Alveoli
A
- Three major types of cells are found in alveoli
- Single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells) form alveolar wall/basment membrane
- Cuboidal Type II Alveolar Cells) secrete surfacent/ antimucrobial proteins
- Alveolar Macrophages) Keep alveolar surfaces sterile
- Surrounded by same fine elastic fibers that surround entire bronchial tree
- Open alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli
- equalizes air pressure throuought lung and provides alternate routes to diffrent alveoli.
23
Q
Lungs
A
- Surrounded by Plurae and connected to mediastium by vascular and bronchial attachments, called the root.
- Anatomy
- Costal Surface) Sides of lungs, Anterior, Posterior
- Apex) Tip; deep to the clavicle
- Base) Inferior surface; rests on diaphragm
- Hilum) Site of entry/exit for blood vessls, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
- Stroma) Mostly elastic CT
- Left Lung) Smaller than the right
- cardiac notch) Concavity for heart
- Oblique Fissure) Seperates superior and inferior LOBES
- Right Lung) Larger
- Horizontal and Oblique Fisures seperate the Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes
- Each Lobes contains a number of pyrmaid-shaped Bronchopulmonary Segments (10 on the right, 8-10 on the left)
- Lobules) smallest divisons vivible to the naked eye
- appear as hexagons
24
Q
Blood Suply to the Lungs
A
- Pulmonary Circulation (low pressure, high volume)
- Pulmonary arteries) deliver venous blood for oxignation to pulmonary capilary networks
- Pulmonary Veins) carry oxygnated blood from respiratory zones to the heart.
- Bronchial Circularion (high pressure, low volume)
- Bronchial Arteries) Provide oxygnated systemic blood to lung tissues
- Arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilum
- Provide blood supply to all lung tissues except alveoli.
25
Q
Pleurae
A
- Thin, double-layered serosa
- Divides thoracic cavity into two compartments and mediastium
- Parietal Pleura) On thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm, around the heart, between lungs
- Visceral Pleura) on external lung surface
- Pleural Fluid) fills pleural cavity. Lubricates lungs
26
Q
Air Movment in Lungs
A
- Volume changes cause pressure changes which casues air to move
- Inspiration) gasses flow into lungs
- Expiration) gasses exit lungs
