Chapter 8 Pt 2) Joints

Question 1

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Answer 1

• Most freely movable joint. Sacrifices stability for movment
• Ball and socket joint
  
  • Large head og humerus fits into shallow glenoid cavity
• Articular Capsule is Loose and thin

Question 2

Shouler Joint (Ligaments)

Answer 2

• Glenoid Labrum) Rim of fibrocartlidge that covers the Glenoid Cavity
  
  • Adds some depth, cavity covers 1/3rd of humerus.
• Coracohumeral Ligament) Helps support weight of upper limb
• Three Glenohumeral Ligaments) Strenghten anterior capsule, but provide weak support.

Question 3

Shoulder Joint (Muscles)

Answer 3

• Subscapularus
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspanitus
• Teres Minor

Question 4

Shoulder Dislocation

Answer 4

• Common injures due to mobility in the shoulder
• Structures are weakest anteriorly and inferiorly
  
  • Shoulders dislocate forward and downward.

Question 5

Elbow Joint

Answer 5

• Where Humeus artiucalates with the radius and ulna. Forms hinge joint with trochlear notch (and ulna)
  
  • Allows for flexion and extension
• Anular Ligament) Surrounds head of radius
  
  • Allows for supination and pronation of the radius.
• Two Ligaments restrict side to side movment
  
  • Ulnar Collateral Ligament) Medial
  • Radial Collateral Ligament) Lateral.
• Tendons from arm muscles (bicep and tricep) also provide stability.

Question 6

Hip (Coxal) Joint

Answer 6

• Ball and Socket joint with good stability. Head of Femur articulates with the acetabulum.
• Good range or motion but limited by deep socket.
• Acatabular Labrum) Rim of Fibrocartlidge that enhances depth of socket.
• Reinforcing Ligaments
  
  • Illiofemoral ligament) V shape
  • Pubofemoral Ligament) Triangular
  • Ishchiofemoral ligament
  • Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres)
    
    • Slack in most hip movments.

Question 7

Knee Joint (overview)

Answer 7

• Largest, Most complex joint of the body
• Consists of three joints in one
  
  • Femoropatellar Joint) Intermediate joint between patlla and femur
    
    • Plane Joint. Patella glides on distal end of femur
  • Lateral Joint and Medial Joint) Form Tibiofibular joimt
    
    • Between femeroal condyles and menisci of tibia.
• Menisci) Deepen atricular surface, prevent side to side rocking. Coshion Joint
• Joint is a hinge join that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation

Question 8

Knee Joint (External Structures)

Answer 8

• Joint Capsusle) Thin and absent anteriorly
• Medial and Lateral Patellar Retinacula) flank patellar ligament
• Patellar Ligament) End of quadraceps tendon that connects to patella.

Synovial cavity of knee joint is complicated

Question 9

Knee Joint (Extracapsular and Capsular Ligaments)

Answer 9

• Help Prevent Hyperextension of the Knee
• Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments) Prevents lateral or medial rotation when knee is extended.
• Oblique Popliteal Ligament) Tendon of semimembranous mucle that is fused with the joint capsule.
  
  • Stabilizes posterior knee joint
• Arcuate Poplietal ligament) arcs superiorly from head of the fibula over the popliteus muscle and reinforces joint capsule posteriorly.

Question 10

Knee Joint (Interior Capsular Joints)

Answer 10

• Called Cruciate Ligaments because they cross forming an X
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) attaches on anterior tibia and runs superiorly to the lateral condyle of femur
  
  • Stops Hyper extension
• Posteiro Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Attaches to posteior Tibia, runs ateriorly, supeorly and medialy to the medial condyle of the femur.
  
  • Stops backwards sliding of tibia

Question 11

Knee Homeostatic Imbalance

Question 12

Cartlidge tears

Answer 12

• Compression and Sheer stress
• Does not heal itself, requires surgery to heal.
• Removal means less stable but more mobile joints. Complete removal leads to osteoarthritus.

Question 13

Sprains

Answer 13

• Reinforcing Ligaments of Joints are streatched or torn
  
  • Common in ankle elbow, knee, and lumbar bacl
• Partial tears can heal
• Full tears you can
  
  • Sew ligamnts back together
  • Replace ligaments with graphss
  • Allow time and immobilzation to heal.

Question 14

Dislocation (General)

Answer 14

• Bones forced out of allinments
• Accompanied by strains, inflammation, and difficulty moving.
• Sublaxation) partial dislocation.

Question 15

Bursitis and Tendonitis

Answer 15

• Bursitis) Inflmation of Bursae, usually caused by blow or friction
• Tendonitis) Inflmation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse.
• Both are treated with RICE and anti-inflamatory drugs.

Question 16

Arthritis

Answer 16

• Over 100 diffrent types of inflamatory or degenerative desieses.
• Symptoms) pain, stiffness, swelling

Question 17

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 17

• Most common form of Arthritis
• Irreversiable degenerative damage caused when cartlidfe is broken down faster than it is replaced
  
  • Creates bone Spurs that cause pain
• Joints become stiff and crunch
• Treatment) moderate activity, pain relicers, and capsacsin creams\

Question 18

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 18

• Chronic autoimmune desiese. Unknown cause but immune system attacks our own cells.
• Synovial membrane tissue harends into a substance called Pannus that clings to articular cartlidge
  
  • This connects articulating bones.
• Treatment) sterioidal and nonsterioudal anti inflamitory drugs.

Question 19

Gouty Arthritis

Answer 19

• Deposit of Uric Acid Crystals in joints and soft tissues
  *

Question 20

Lyme Desiese

Answer 20

• Caused by tick bites
• May lead to arthritis. Can be trateated with long term antibiotics.