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Anatomy and Physiology > Brain and cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brain and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Brain integrations

A 
sensations
muscle contraction/coordination
language
memory
emotions
thinking
learning
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2
Q

major parts of brain

A
  • brain stem = continuation of spinal cord (medulla, pons, midbrain)
  • cerebellum = 2nd biggest part of brain
  • diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
  • cerebrum = biggest part of brain
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3
Q

meninges

A

dura mater: periosteal and meningeal layers, b/t which is the venous sinus where CSF drains
arachnoid mater
-sub arachnoid space where CSF circulates
-arachnoid granulations
pia mater

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4
Q

extensions of dura mater

A

falx cerebri = separates 2 cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli = separates cerebellum from cerebrum
falx cerebelli = separates 2 cerebellum hemispheres

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5
Q

Blood flow to/from brain

A
  • gets 20% of blood supply
  • internal carotid and vertebral arteries bring blood
  • internal jugular veins take blood
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6
Q

CSF

A
  • clear fluid
  • circulates thru cavities in brain (ventricles), spinal cord (central canal), and subarachnoid space
  • absorbs shock and protects brain/spinal cord
  • transports nutrients and waste bt brain and blood
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7
Q

ventricles

A
  • csf filled cavities w/in brain
  • lateral ventricles = cerebral hemispheres
  • third ventricle = diencephalon
  • cerebral aqueduct = midbrain
  • fourth ventricle = brain stem and cerebellum
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8
Q

formation of CSF

A

choroid plexuses = capillaries in ventricle walls

-ependmal cells lining ventricles draw plasma from choroid plexuses through ependymal cells into ventricles

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9
Q

Circulation of CSF

A
  • lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramina –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space or cenral canal
  • reabsorbed into blood by arachnoid villi
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10
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • Pyramids = bulges on anterior formed by corticospinal trancts from cerebrum to spinal cord
  • common site for decussation of ascending/descending tracts
  • Vital centers : cardiovascular and respiratory
  • centers for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping
  • cranial nerves VIII-XII
  • part of 4th ventricel
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11
Q

pons

A
  • nuclei relay motor input from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
  • vestibular nuclei
  • peneumotaxic and apneustic area
  • nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII
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12
Q

Midbrain or Mesencephalon

A
  • pons to diencephalon
  • cerebral aquaduct flows through
  • cerebral peduncles on front
  • tectum/corpora quadrigemina w/ superior and inferior colliculi
  • substantia nigra, red nucleus, cranial nerves 3-4
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13
Q

Substantia Nigra and Red Nucleus

A
  • both in midbrain
  • substantia nigra = associated with dopaminergic neurons–> control subconscious muscle activities –> loss of neurons = parkinson –> excess neurons = shizophrenia –> communicate with basal nuclei

Red nucleus = helps control voluntary movement of limbs

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14
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • upper part of spinal cord, through brain stem, into lower diencephalon
  • Reticular Activating System (RAS) = sensory axons that go from reticular formation through thalamus to cerebral cortex–> help maintain consciousness + sleep/waking –> doesn’t include smell
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15
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2nd biggest part of brain
  • vermis
  • anterior and posterior lobes control subconscious skeletal movements
  • inferior flocculonodular lobe contributes to equilibrium/balance
  • coordinates movements and regulates posture/balance
  • smoothes movements during skilled stuff
  • musce memory
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16
Q

cerebral cortex
arbor vitae
cerebellar peduncles

A
  • gray matter in form of parallel folds called folia
  • tracts of white matter
  • 3 pairs, superior, middle, and inferior –> attach cerebellum to brainstem
17
Q

thalamus

A

major relay station for most sensory impulses

18
Q

hypothalamus

A

consists of mammilary body, median eminence, infundibulum, and nuclei

-controls ANS, produces hormones, regulates emotional/behavioral patterns, eating/drinking, body temp, and circadia rhythms

19
Q

epithalamus

A

-consists of pineal gland which secretes melatoin –> sleep inducer

20
Q

Cerebrum: lobes sulci and gyri

A
  • frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
  • Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes
  • precentral gyrus = primary motor area
  • postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory area
21
Q

Cerebral white matter

A
  • Association fibers = horizontal and connect different parts of the same hemisphere
  • commissural fibers = horizontal and connect gray matter of two hemispheres (corpus colosom)
  • projectio fibers = vertical and connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord (corona radiata and internal capsule)
22
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • 3 within each cerebral hemisphere
  • globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus
  • initiate and terminate movements, supress unwanted movements and regulate muscle tone
23
Q

Limbic System

A
  • ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
  • cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and olfactory bulb
  • “emotional brain”–> behavior
  • olfaction + memory
24
Q

Amygdala

A

center of rage

-helps us control rage

25
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

  • destruction takes away ability to form short term memories
  • maybe cotributes to alzheimers
26
Q 
Primary somatosensory area
Primary visual area
Primary auditory area
Primary gustatory area
Primary olfactory area
Primary motor area
A
  • postcentral gyrus
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • base of postcentral gyrus
  • temporal lobe
  • precentral gyrus
27
Q
  • Somatosensory association area
  • visual associaion area
  • auditory association area
A
  • posterior to primary somatosensory area
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
28
Q

Broca’s speach area LvR

Wernicke’s area LvR

A

Broca’s L for anunciation/forming words and R for putting emotion into words

Wernickes L for understanding words and R for understanding the emotion behind words

29
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

mostly inhibits behaviors/impulses

30
Q

mapping somatosensory area

A

-size of region depends on sensory impulses received from that part –> greater density of receptors = greater cortical representation

31
Q

Mapping motor area

A
  • more area is devoted to those muscles involved in skilled, complex, or delicate movements
  • more motor units = more cortex area

-includes Broca’s speach area

32
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A

Left

  • receives sensory signals from and controls muscles of right side
  • resoning, numbers, science, sign language, written/spoen language

Right

  • senses and motorizes left side
  • music, art, space/pattern perception, recognizing faces/emotion, mental images, smells

-females use both while men use one or the other

33
Q

Brain Waves

A

Electroencephalogram = records electric activity w/in brain

Alpha = awake and resting with eyes closed
Beta = nervous system is active
Theta = times of stress
Delta = sleeping adults and all the time infants

Anatomy and Physiology (50 decks)

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