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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine i > Flashcards

Endocrine i Flashcards

1
Q

Chem messenges

  • gap junctions
  • chems secreted to interstitial fluid
  • NTs
  • Hormones
A
  • cytoplasm to cytoplasm mvmnt of chem
  • autocrine and paracrine
  • released by synaptic cleft thru synaptic transmissino
  • released into blood to affect more distant targets
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2
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous system

A

Endocrine is:

  • slower to respond
  • longer duration
  • signal intensity varies with concentration of hormone rather than frequency of APs
  • amplitude modulated rather than frequency modulated

Nervous system prety much just affects other neurons, muscle cells, and gland cells

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3
Q

amount of hormone released

A

nanomolar 10^-9 to picomolar 10^-12

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4
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type I

  • lack of insulin
  • autoimmune disease that destroys insulin producing cells in pancreas
  • treatment replaces insulin

Type II

  • Lack of sensitivity to insulin (and lack of insulin)
  • not enough receptors
  • treatment increases sensitivity, up regulates receptors, increases insulin, and decreases glucose
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5
Q

3 methods of homonal release

A
  1. Hormonal stimuli: one hormone stimulates the release of another
  2. Humoral stimuli: change in blood levels stimulates release
  3. Neural stimuli: neurons stimulate release
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6
Q

Tropic hormone

A
  • hormone that stimulates a release of another hormone at its target tissue
  • if target of tropic hormone fails, system will usually be flooded with tropic hormone
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7
Q

3 types of hormone

A

steroid (lipid soluble)
protein (water soluble)
biogenic amines (usually altered tyrosine) –> water soluble except thyroid hormones

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8
Q

Responsiveness of target cell depends on:

A
  • hormone concentration
  • abundance of target cell receptors
  • influence of other hormones (permissive, synergistic, and antagonistic)
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9
Q

eicosanoid

A

lipid soluble, but act like they’re water soluble

- deriitives of fatty acids, but use membrane surface receptors

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10
Q

Lipid soluble hormone binding to receptor

A
  1. travels thru blood with transport protein
  2. detaches and diffuses into target cell
  3. binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
  4. directly alters protein synthesis
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11
Q

Adenylate cyclase system

A
  • ligand binds to receptor
  • activates G protein
  • G protein activates adenylate cyclase (amplifier enzyme)
  • Converts ATP to cAMP (2 mess)
  • cAMP ativates protein kinase A
  • phosphorylation of proteins
  • alters cell function

cAMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase

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12
Q

Who uses the adenylate cyclase system?

A 
glucagon
ADH
epinephrine
TSH
FSH
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13
Q

Phospholipase C Signal Transduction Mechanism

A

-ligand binds to receptor
-G protein activated
-G protein activates phospholipase c
conversion of PIP2 –> DAG and IP3
-DAG activates protein kinase C which phosphorylates proteins
-IP3 opens calcium channels on ER or cell membrane increasing free calcium in cytosol

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14
Q

hormones that use phospholipase c

A

Oxytocin
ADH
epinephrine

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15
Q

Membrane receptor-enzyme

A
  • extracellular receptor linked to intracellular enzyme
  • ligand binds and activates protein kinase enzyme
  • e.g. tyrosine kindase uses ATP to phosphorylate proteins
  • e.g. guanlate cyclase turns GTP into cGMP which alters other proteins

phosphodiesterase turns cGMP into GMP

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16
Q

Effects of modifying proteins

-what usually modifies them?

A
  • metabolic changes
  • transportation changes
  • dif gene expression
  • changes protein func.
  • causes muscle contraction

-calcium or phosphate

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17
Q

What are the purely endocrine glands?

A
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pineal
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18
Q

what separates the adenohypophysis from the neurohypophysis

A

pars intermedia

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19
Q

Hormones of anterior piuitary

Which are tropic?

A 
-human growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
follicle simulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone

all except prolactin and growth hormone

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20
Q

Growth hormone effects

A
  • lipolysis = release of fatty acids for energy
  • AA uptake/ protein synthesis
  • gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver

-stimulates liver to release IGFs to stimulate growth of cartilage, bone, and (proteins in skeletal muscles)

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21
Q

Factors affecting GH release

A
  • Age –> less
  • Time –> more in morning
  • blood levels –> increases with AA and decreases if glucose/fatty acids in blood
  • emotion –> stress
22
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

doesn’t synthesize hormones

  • stores and releases oxytocin and ADH
  • via hypothalamohypophyseal tract
23
Q

oxytocin

A
  • made in paraventricular nucleau
  • during and after delivery of baby
  • stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary glands
  • Mile EJECTION
24
Q

ADH

A
  • made in supraoptic nucleus
  • decreases urine production
  • causes kidneys to return more water to blood
  • constriction of arterioles to increase BP
  • stops water loss thru sweat

-stimulated by high blood osmotic pressure

25
Q

Thyroid gland

  • anatomy
  • cells
  • hormones
A
  • 2 lobes with isthmus inferior to larynx
  • Follicular cells make thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
  • parafollicular (C) cells make calcitonin
26
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A
  • increases metabolism
  • uses glucose and oxygen to make energy and heat
  • lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • increases oxygen delivery
  • works with growth hormone to promote tissue growth and development
  • BP maintenance

stimulated by situiations that require ATP

T4 is inactive

27
Q

Production of thyroid hormone

A
  • iodine from blood is trapped in colloid space as I2
  • thyroglobulin is created (nucleus - RER- golgi- secratory vessicles- colloid)
  • iodine is oxidized
  • tyrosines on thyroglubulin are iodinied
  • coupling of T2 and T1
  • pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
  • secretion of thyroid hormone through exocytosis to blood
28
Q

calcitonin

A
  • involved in calcium metabolism, but not significant in humans
  • inhibits osteoclast activity
29
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • 4 in thyroid

- make parathyroid hormone

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • increases osteoclast activity
  • makes kidney return calcium to blood
  • stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol which is the active form of vit D, which allows calcium to be absorbed by food
31
Q

Adrenal glands

-anatomy / labels

A

Cortex

  • zona glomerulosa = mineralocorticoids
  • zona fasciculata = glucocorticoids
  • zona reticulata = gonadocorticoids

Medulla
-chromaffin cells which make catecholamines

32
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Regulates ion concentration in kidneys
  • reabsorbs Na and water
  • excretes potassium and hydrogen
  • works with adh
  • affects water balance and ph

triggered by low blood pressure and high K+ (a little bit by ACTH)

33
Q

How is aldosterone secreted?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

  • low BP stimulates kidneys to release renin
  • triggers formation of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen from liver
  • ACE in lungs convert A I to A II
  • stimulates aldosterone release and vasoconstriction of arterioles

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) blocks renin and aldosterone to decrease BP

34
Q

Cortisol

A
  • last hormone of HPA axis
  • response to stress
  • reduces inflammation
  • aids thyroid hormones in gluose metabolism
35
Q

Androgens

A
  • stimulated by ACTH
  • mostly DHEA
  • causes male secondary sex characteristics and pubic/axillary hair in females
  • causes sex drive in females –> insignificant in males bc of testosterone
  • levels rise from ages 7-13
36
Q

Pancreas

A

1% endocrine, 99% exocrine

  • pancreatic islets (of langerhans)
  • alpha cells = glucagon
  • beta cells = insulin
37
Q

insulin secretion

A
  • Beta cells have GLUT2 which is insulin independant
  • glucose enters beta cell thru Glut2 transporters
  • glucose is phosphorylated and turned into pyruvate
  • pyruvate enters mitochondria and metabolized via citric acid cycle
  • ATP from this blocks K channels, depolarizing the cell
  • depolarization opens Ca channels
  • Ca stimulates the release of insulin by exocytosis
38
Q

insulin effect

A
  • binds to receptor
  • causes GLUT4 on secratory intracellular vessicle to join membrane
  • glucose enters through GLUT4

lowers blood sugar by increasing uptake of glucose

39
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

  • types
  • symptoms
A 
(I) = lack of insulin (cured by giving insulin)
(II) = low sensitivity to insulin (cured by increasing sensitivity and insulin --> aerobics help)

polyurea – bc osmotic diuresis
polydipsia – bc peeing all the time
polyphagia – bc cell hunger

40
Q

Glucagon

A
  • targets liver and skeletal muscle
  • gluconeogenesis = glucose from lactic acid and AAs
  • glycogenolysis = break down glycogen
41
Q

Insulin

A
  • glycogenesis = builds glycogen
  • increases AA uptake and protein synthesis
  • lipogenesis = synthesis of fatty acids
42
Q

Ovaries

A
  • makes gametes and hormones
  • make 2 estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and progesterone
  • regulate menstral cycle, pregnancy, lactation, and female sex characteristics
  • inhibin inhibits FSH
  • relaxin loosens pelvic girdle during pregnancy and some of cycle
43
Q

Testes

A
  • makes gametes and hormones
  • makes testosterone –> regulates sperm production and meintains sex characteristics
  • inhibn inhibits FSH
44
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • on roof of 3rd ventrical at midline in epithalamus
  • masses of neuroglia and pinealocytes
  • melatonin = amine hormone derived from serotonin
  • biological clock
  • more melatonin when its dark

acts on reticular formation in brain

45
Q

Thymus

  • where?
  • hormones?
  • function?
A
  • behind sternum; between lungs
  • thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic factor, thymic humoral factor
  • involved in T lymphocyte maturation
46
Q

Progesterone

A
  • preps for pregnancy

- aids in fetal development

47
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • leptin targets brain

- promotes satiety

48
Q

heart

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • targets smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls and kidney tubules
  • vasodilation
  • natriuresis and fluid loss in kidneys
  • decreases BP
49
Q

Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin
-increases rate at which erythrocytes are made in red bone marrow

Renin
-part of RAA system

Calcitriol
-stimulates small intestine to absorb calcium

50
Q

Stages of stress response (and name of it)

A

GAS = general adaptation syndrome

  1. initial fight or flight
  2. slower resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion
51
Q

results of prolonged stress

A
  • muscle deterioration
  • immune system suppression
  • ulcers
  • failure of beta cells in pancreas
52
Q

short term vs long term stress respons

A

Short:

  • increased heart rate, blood flow, metabolism
  • glygogenolysis
  • dilation of bronchiles
  • change in bloodflow patterns
  • EPI and NE

Long:

  • increased BP
  • retention of salt
  • gluconeogenesis
  • suppression of immune system
  • cortisol, hGH, T3 and T4

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