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Anatomy and Physiology > Autonomic Nervous sytem > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous sytem Flashcards

1
Q

motor somatic vs autonomic

A

somatic: lower motor neuron leaves anterior gray horn and innervates skeletal muscle
autonomic: preganglionic neron from lateral gray horn; then postganglionic neuron from autonomic ganglion to effector
- sometimes preganglionic neuron–> adrenal medula–> bloodstream

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2
Q

somatic vs autonomic

  • input
  • motor control
  • neurotrans
A

somatic:

  • somatic and special senses
  • voluntary from cerebral cortex (help from basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord)
  • all relesase Ach to skeletal muscles

auto:

  • interoreceptors (some somatic receptors; some special senses)
  • involutary from hypothalamus, limbic, brain stem, spinal cord (a little from cerebellum)
  • pregang release Ach; sympathetic postgang release NE
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3
Q

Autonomic reflex arc

A 
stimulus
sensory receptor (usually interoreceptor) in viscera
dorsal root ganglion
integration center
pregang axon
autonomic ganglion
postgang axon
effector
response
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4
Q

sympathetic division

A
  • “thoracolumbar division”

- preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord (T1-L2)

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5
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A
  • sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain ganglia) = innervate above the diaphragm (right next to spinal cord)
  • prevertebral (collateral) ganglia = celiac, superior, mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and renal –> below diaphragm
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6
Q

sympathetic pregang vs postgang axons

A

pregang = many axon collaterals –> synapses with 20+ postgang neurons

postgang = terminate in several visceral effectors –> widespread effect

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7
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia

A 
3 cervical
11-12 thoracic
4-5 lumbar
4-5 sacral
1 coccygeal

superior cervical ganglion –> head and heart
thoracic sympathetic trunk –> heart, lungs, bronchi

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8
Q

spinal cord to sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

preganglionic axons –> anterior root of spinal nerve –> white ramus –> sympathetic trunk ganglion

-white rami communnicantes = structures with sympathetic pregang axons that connect the anterior ramus of spinal nerve with ganglia of sympathetic trunk

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9
Q

Gray ramus and gray rami communicantes

A

gray ramus = axons of postgang neurons leave the sympathetic trunk by entering short pathway called gray ramus and merge with anterior ramus of spinal nerve

gray rami communicantes = structures containing sympathetic postgang axons that connect the ganglia of sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves

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10
Q

options for pregnag neurons in sympathetic division

A
  1. synapse with postgang neurons in first ganglion it reaches
  2. travel up or down sympathetic chain
  3. continue w/o synapsing thru sympathetic trunk ganglion to prevertebral ganglion
  4. pass thru sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglion to the adrenal medulla
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11
Q

cephalic periarterial nerves

A
  • preganglionic neurons that enter sympathetic trunk, go up to superior cervical ganglion, synapse with postganglion neuron –> postgang neurons leave sympathetic trunk by forming cephalic periarterial nerves –> visceral effectors of skin of face and head
  • not a spinal nerve
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12
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

some axons of postgang neurons leave trunk by forming sympathetic nerves

  • innervate heart and lungs
  • not a spinal nerve
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13
Q

Splanchnic Nerves

A

sympathetic, pregang axons pass thru sympathetic trunk to either prevertebral ganglion or adredal medula

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14
Q

% of adrenal medulla

A

80% epinephrine

20% NE

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15
Q

Prevertebral splanchnic nerves

A

T5-T9 orT10 = Greater splanchnic nerve
T10-T11 = Lesser splanchnic nerve
L1-L4 = Lumbar splanchnic nerve

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16
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

“craniosacral division”

-pregang neurons originate from cranial nerves 3,7,9, and 10 and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4

17
Q

Parasymp ganglia

A

terminal ganglia

18
Q

Parasymp pregang vs postgang

A

pregang synapses with 4-5 postgangs neurons

postgang neurons supply a single visceral effector

not wide spread

19
Q

dif in size of sympathetic vs parasymp post and pre gangs

A

symp

  • pre = short
  • post = long

para

  • pre = long
  • post = short
20
Q

Ganglia associated with vagus nerve

A
  1. cilary ganglia
  2. pterygopalatine ganglia
  3. submandibular ganglia
  4. otic ganglia

vagus nerve carries 80% of craniosacral flow

21
Q

sacral parasympathetic flow

A

S2-S4

-pelvic splanchnic nerves

22
Q

dual innervation

A
  • most effectors recieve innervation from sympathetic and parasymp divisions
  • exceptions: adrenal medulla, sweat glands, smooth muscle around blood vessels, arretor pili, kidney –> only sympathetic
23
Q

Autonomic plexuses

A

-network of symp and parasymp axons
-cardiac plexus = heart
-pulmonary plexus = bronchial treaa
-celiac plexus (biggest) = stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, adrenal medullae
-superior mesenteric plexus = small intestine and proximal colon
-inferior mesenteric plexus = distal colon and rectum
hypogastric plexus = urinary bladder and genital organs
-renal plexus = kidneys and ureters

24
Q

varicosities of postgang neurons

A
  • swollen distal ends of neuron
  • synthesis, storage, and release of neurotrans
  • neurotrans release over surface of effector–> diffuses thru interstitial fluid surrounding target cells to bind to receptors
  • can affect large area of target –> no specific binding region
  • neuroeffector junctions
25
Q

cholinergic neurons

A
  • release Ach
  • include all sump and parasymp pregangs neurons; sump postgangs that innervate sweat glands; all parasymp postgang neurons
26
Q

cholinergic receptors

A
  1. nicotinic (at ganglion)
    - Ach binding opens channel for Na+ and K+
    - Na+ influx > K+ efflux (electrochem gradient)
    - depolarizes postsynaptic membrane
  2. muscarinic (at effector)
    - G-prot-coupled receptors (2nd messengers) (activates Adenylate cyclase which activates cAMP which opens channels)
    - neurotrans effect depend on receptor type
    - can be excitatory or inhibitory
27
Q

Adrenergic neurons

A 
release NE (also called noradrenalin)
-most sympathetic postgang neurons
28
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha and Beta

-they also bind epinephrine from adrenal medulla

29
Q

pregangs in general

A

always myelinated and cholinergic

30
Q

Autonomic tone

A
  • balance of symp and parasymp activity

- regulated by hypothalamus

31
Q

sympathetic response

A
  • stress increases sympathetic sysmtem which increases fight-or-flight response
  • more ATP production
  • dilation of pupils
  • dilation of airways
  • constriction of blood vessels that supply kidneys and GI tract
  • more blood to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, liver, and adipose tissue
  • more glycogenolysis = more blood glucose
  • more lipolysis
32
Q

Parasympathetic response

A
  • rest and digest
  • conserve and restore body energy
  • more digestion and urinary func
  • less body funcs that support physical activity
  • opposite of all sympathetic stuff
33
Q

integration and control of autonomic functions

A
  • direct innervation = brain stem and spinal cord

- hypothalamus = major control and integration center (recieves input from limbic system) –> emotions can trigger it

34
Q

dif parts of brain affect on ANS

A

cerebrum = conscious activity in cerebrum affect hypothalamic control of ANS

Hypothalamus = integration and control center of ANS –> involved in emotions

brain stem = contains major ANS reflex centers

spinal cord = contains ANS reflex centers for defecaton and urinaton

Anatomy and Physiology (50 decks)

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