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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 2. The Bacterial World > Flashcards

Lecture 2. The Bacterial World Flashcards

1
Q

What can microbes like other animals do ?

A
  1. Defend against predators
  2. Avoid parasites
  3. Adapt to harsh environments
  4. Find food
  5. Reproduce
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2
Q

What types of microbes are the most abundant ?

A

Unicellular organisms

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3
Q

What are some disadvantages to being multicellular ?

A
  1. Increased disease transmission
  2. Competition for resources
  3. Social exploitation
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4
Q

What states can microbes constantly flux between ?

A

Unicellular and multicellular states

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5
Q

Where are bacteria found ?

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Soil
  4. Water
  5. Artic ice
  6. Air
  7. Volcanic vents
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6
Q

What is the function of the pilus ?

A

Stick to mucosal cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the capsule ?

A

Causative agent of infection

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8
Q

What are the three features of a bacterial cell ?

A
  1. No mitochondria
  2. Ribosomes free in the cytoplasm or bound to the inner face of the cytoplasmic reticulum
  3. Single chromosome
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9
Q

What do bacterial cells lack that other cells may have ?

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Mitochondria
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10
Q

What is the ribosome that bacterial cells have ?

A

70s

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11
Q

What is the 70s ribosome composed of ?

A

30S and 50S subunits

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12
Q

What is another name for multiple extracellular layers ?

A

Bacterial cell envelope

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13
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell envelope ?

A

Help bacteria survive in inhospitable environments

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14
Q

What is the bacterial cell envelope made up of ?

A

The cell wall and associated membranes

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15
Q

What do gram positive cells have ?

A
  1. A thick cell wall

2. Plasma membrane

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16
Q

What do gram negative cells have ?

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Thin cell wall
  3. Periplasmic space
  4. Plasma membrane
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17
Q

What is the cell wall essential for ?

A
  1. Essential for structural integrity

2. Provides cell shape

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18
Q

What is the cell wall primarily composed of ?

A

Peptidoglycan

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19
Q

What is another name for peptidoglycan ?

A

Murein

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20
Q

What is peptidoglycan unique to ?

A

Bacteria

21
Q

What does peptidoglycan provide to cells ?

A

Mechanical cells

22
Q

What are some features of peptidoglycan ?

A
  1. Not a hard shell
  2. Flexible
  3. Elastic.
  4. Porous
23
Q

What are glycan chains connected by ?

A

Peptide crosslinks

24
Q

Why is the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan the target of anti-microbials ?

A

Disrupts cell walls which are essential structures

25
Q

What is a glycan chain composed of ?

A

Individual sugars linked by B-1,4 glycosidic linkages

26
Q

What are peptide cross links composed of ?

A

Amino acids

27
Q

What is the most basic subunit of glycan chain ?

A

Peptidoglycan monomer

28
Q

What are the two types of peptidoglycan monomers in a glycan chain ?

A
  1. N-acetyl muramic acid

2. N-acetyl glucosamine

29
Q

What does N-acetyl muramic acid have in its structure ?

A

Lactic acid

30
Q

What is the function of the peptide side chain ?

A

Allows 3D structures to form

31
Q

What are glycan side chains formed by ?

A

Cross links between peptide side chains

32
Q

What do cross links between peptide side chains provide ?

A

Strength

33
Q

What is there in the structural details of peptidoglycan from different species ?

A

Variation

34
Q

What is an example of the 5 amino acids in a peptide side chain and what position are they in ?

A
  1. L-alanine
  2. D-glutamate
  3. L-diaminopimelic acid
  4. D-alanine
  5. D-alanine
35
Q

What amino acid are present in most species and what positions are they usually in ?

A
  1. L-alanine (1)
  2. D-glutamate (2)
  3. D-alanine (5)
36
Q

What amino acid in the peptide side chain never varies and what position is it in ?

A
  1. D-alanine

2. Position 4

37
Q

What position is the amino acid that varies in ?

A

Third position

38
Q

What must the amino acid in third position have ?

A

A free amino acid group

39
Q

What happens to the peptide chain when it joins to another one ?

A

It is turned upside down ie. position 1 is at the bottom

40
Q

What does the position 3 amino acid bind to ?

A

Position 4

41
Q

How does the amino acid in position 3 bind to the amino acid in position 4 ?

A

Direct cross link

42
Q

What happens to the peptide side chain after two peptide chains join together by direct cross linkage ?

A

The 5th amino acid on both peptide side chains disappears

43
Q

What type of linkage does gram negative bacteria have ?

A

Direct peptide cross links

44
Q

What is a peptide cross bridge comprise of ?

A

A series of amino acids

45
Q

What is the advantage of peptide cross bridge ?

A

Can attach things to it

46
Q

What type of linkages do gram positive bacteria contain ?

A

Peptide cross bridge

47
Q

What can disrupt cell walls ?

A
  1. Lysozyme

2. Penicillin/B-lactams

48
Q

What do lysozyme do to disrupt the cell wall ?

A

Hydrolyses every second glycosidic bond

49
Q

How does penicillin/ B-lactams do to disrupt the cell wall ?

A

Prevents linking two side chains together

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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