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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 27. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 27. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of capillaries do lymph vessels have ?

A

Blind ending

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2
Q

Where do large lymph vessels empty into ?

A

The subclavian vein

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3
Q

What do valves prevent ?

A

Backflow

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4
Q

What are the major functions of lymph vessels ?

A
  1. Tissue drainage
  2. Return leaked plasma proteins
  3. Absorption of digested fat
  4. Defence
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5
Q

How is leaked fluid returned to cardiovascular system /

A

Via the lymphatic system

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6
Q

What is an oedema ?

A

Build up of fluid in the interstitium/tissue

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7
Q

What are some ways oedema may occur ?

A
  1. Reduced plasma proteins
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Increased venous pressure
  4. Lymph blockage
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8
Q

How may plasma proteins be reduced ?

A
  1. Loss in urine - kidney disease
  2. Reduced synthesis - liver disease
  3. Dietary
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9
Q

How may capillary permeability be increased ?

A

Inflammation and allergic responses

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10
Q

How may venous pressure be increased ?

A
  1. Uterine compression during pregnancy

2. Aeroplane flight - decompression and immobility

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11
Q

How may lymph blockage occur ?

A
  1. Damage during surgery

2. Parasitic infection

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12
Q

What does osmoregulation do ?

A

Balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes

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13
Q

What is plasma composition regulated by ?

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What is urine ?

A

Filtered plasma

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15
Q

How does the renal system produce urine ?

A

By refining a filtrate derived from plasma

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16
Q

What are the steps of osmoregulation ?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
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17
Q

In osmoregulation, what is filtration ?

A

Filtering of plasma

18
Q

In osmoregulation, what is reabsorption ?

A

Reclaiming of valuable solutes

19
Q

In osmoregulation, what is secretion ?

A

Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate

20
Q

In osmoregulation, what is excretion ?

A

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body

21
Q

What does filtrate produced in Bowman’s capsule contain ?

A

Salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes

22
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule ?

A
  1. Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients takes place

2. Materials to be excreted become concentrated and some toxic materials are secreted into the filtrate

23
Q

How are molecules transported from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid and then capillaries ?

A

Actively and passively

24
Q

What happens in the descending limb loop of henle ?

A

Water is reabsorbed through channels and the filtrate becomes more concentrated

25
Q

What are the channels with which water is reabsorbed from formed by ?

A

Aquaporins

26
Q

What is the reabsorption of water in the descending limb of the loop of henle driven by ?

A

The high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate

27
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle ?

A

Salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid, causing the filtrate to become increasingly dilute

28
Q

What is the function of the distal tubule ?

A

Regulates the potassium ions and sodium chloride concentrations of body fluids

29
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct ?

A
  1. Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis.
  2. Reabsorption of solutes and water
30
Q

What is urine hyperosmotic to ?

A

Body fluids

31
Q

What manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney ?

A

A combination of nervous and hormonal controls

32
Q

What is another name for anti-diuretic hormone ?

A

Vasopressin

33
Q

What do ADH bind to ?

A

Membrane receptors on collecting duct cells

34
Q

What does the binding of ADH to receptors initiate ?

A

A signal cascade leading to insertion of aquaporin proteins into the membrane lining the collecting duct

35
Q

What does the increase in water recapture reduce ?

A

Urine volume

36
Q

What do osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus monitor ?

A

Blood osmolarity and regulate release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

37
Q

What happens when osmolarity rises above its set point ?

A

ADH release into the bloodstream increases

38
Q

What happens when ADH drops below a set point ?

A

Causes a reduction in ADH secretion

39
Q

What generates thirst ?

A

Specific neurons of hypothalamus

40
Q

What is normal blood osmolarity ?

A

285-295 mOsm/L

41
Q

What is a major contributor to blood pressure ?

A

Blood volume

42
Q

What regulates blood pressure via neuronal and hormonal control ?

A

Cardiovascular and renal systems

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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