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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 31. Integration of Physiological Regulation and Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 31. Integration of Physiological Regulation and Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are major regulators of homeostasis ?

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Endocrine system
  3. Immune systems
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2
Q

What are features common to all organs ?

A
  1. Blood supply
  2. Nerve supply
  3. Presence of immune cells
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3
Q

What is a stress response ?

A

Nonspecific generalised response regardless of type of stressor

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4
Q

What does acute stress do ?

A

Helps body cope with stress stimulus

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5
Q

How does chronic stress affect the body ?

A

Damaging

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6
Q

What is the HPA axis ?

A

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal

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7
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine ?

A
  1. Glycogen broken down to glucose, increased blood glucose
  2. Increased blood pressure
  3. Increased breathing rate
  4. Increased metabolic rate
  5. Changes to blood flow
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8
Q

What do changes in blood flow systems in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine do ?

A

Leads to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity

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9
Q

What are the effects of mineralocorticoids ?

A
  1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys

2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure

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10
Q

What are the effects of glucocorticoids ?

A
  1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose leading to increased blood glucose
  2. Partial suppression of immune system
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11
Q

What type of behavior is damaging to health ?

A

Sedentary behaviour

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12
Q

What is physical activity ?

A

Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles which causes energy expenditure greater than at rest which is health enhancing

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13
Q

What is sedentary behaviour ?

A

Refers to any walking activity characterised by an energy expenditure 1.5 metabolic equivalents and a sitting or reclining posture

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14
Q

What is the metabolic equivalent ?

A

Ratio of activity to resting metabolic rate

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15
Q

What are the guidelines for physical behaviour ?

A

At least 30 minutes a day of moderate activity on 5 days a week or 150 minutes a week

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16
Q

What major diseases are associated with low physical activity ?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Cancer
  4. Type 2 diabetes
  5. Dementia
17
Q

What is the elite athlete paradox ?

A

Sedentary behaviour increases risk of respiratory tract infection. Moderate behaviour decreases risk of respiratory tract infection. Very high physical activity increases the risk of respiratory tract infection

18
Q

What are the neurological benefits of exercise ?

A
  1. Decrease in anxiety/depression
  2. Decrease in dementia
  3. Increase in cognitive function
  4. Decrease in risk of stroke
19
Q

What are the cardiovascular benefits to exercise ?

A
  1. Decrease in mortality
  2. Decrease in coronary artery disease
  3. Decrease in blood pressure
20
Q

What are the endocrine benefits of exercise ?

A
  1. Decrease in weight
  2. Decrease in diabetes
  3. Decrease in low density lipoproteins
  4. Increase in high density lipoproteins
21
Q

What are the musculoskeletal benefits to exercise ?

A
  1. Decrease in osteoporosis
  2. Decrease in falls
  3. Decrease in disability
22
Q

What are the oncological benefits to exercise ?

A
  1. Decrease in prostrate cancer
  2. Decrease in breast cancer
  3. Decrease in bowel cancer
23
Q

What role does blood have in the interactions between nervous, endocrine and immune systems ?

A

Acts as a mediator

24
Q

What is increased inflammation as we age called ?

A

Inflammaging

25
Q

What does inflammaging result in ?

A
  1. Changes in chromatin structure, genes and mRNA expression
  2. Accumulation of debris
  3. Immunosenescence
  4. Mitochondrial dysfunction
  5. Microbiome changes
26
Q

What are the diseases of the brain associated with inflammation ?

A
  1. Major depressive disorder
  2. Schizophrenia
  3. Alzheimers
  4. Parkinsons
27
Q

What can be used as a preventive measure/treatment for brain associated disease with inflammation ?

A

Exercise

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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