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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 30. Digestion and Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 30. Digestion and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential nutrients ?

A

Requires materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

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2
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrients ?

A
  1. Essential amino acids
  2. Essential fatty acids
  3. Vitamins
  4. Minerals
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3
Q

What is an essential precursor for phospholipids and prostaglandins ?

A

Linoleic acid converted by the enzyme fatty acid desaturase to y-linoleic acid

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4
Q

What is digestion ?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion ?

A

Chewing or grinding increases the surface area of food

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion ?

A

Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes that are used to build larger molecules

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7
Q

In chemical digestion, what splits bonds with the addition of water ?

A

Enzyme hydrolysis

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8
Q

What forms the mammalian digestive system ?

A

Organs specialised for sequential stages of food processing

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9
Q

What is the function of accessory glands ?

A

Secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal

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10
Q

What are the mammalian accessory glands ?

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
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11
Q

Where does food processing begin ?

A

The oral cavity

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12
Q

What is saliva ?

A

Exocrine secretion from the salivary glands

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13
Q

What does saliva contain ?

A

Mucose

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14
Q

What is saliva mucous ?

A

A viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, amylase and glycoproteins

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15
Q

What is the function of the tongue ?

A

Shapes food into a bolus and help with swallowing

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16
Q

What does the esophagus do ?

A

Connects to the stomach

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17
Q

Where does the trachea lead to ?

A

The lungs

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18
Q

What does swallowing do ?

A

Causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea

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19
Q

What is the bolus guided by ?

A

The larnyx

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20
Q

Where is the larynx ?

A

The upper part of the respiratory tract

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21
Q

When does coughing occur ?

A

When the swallowing reflex fails and food/liquid reaches the trachea

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22
Q

How is food moved from the pharynx to the stomach ?

A

Peristalsis

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23
Q

What is peristalsis ?

A

The rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal

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24
Q

Where does peristalsis occur through ?

A

Small and large intestine

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25
Q

What helps to regulate the movement of material between compartments ?

A

Valves called sphincers

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26
Q

What is the function of the stomach ?

A

Stores food and processes it into a liquid by mechanical churning and chemical secretions

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27
Q

What is chyme ?

A

The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice

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28
Q

What is the pH of gastric juice ?

A

2.2

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the low pH of gastric juice ?

A

Kills bacteria and denatures protein

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30
Q

What is gastric juice made up of ?

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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31
Q

What secretes hydrogen and chloride ions ?

A

Parietal cells

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32
Q

Where do paretial cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately to ?

A

The lumen of the stomach

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33
Q

What secretes inactive pepsinogen ?

A

Chief cells

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34
Q

When is pepsinogen activated to pepsin ?

A

When mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

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35
Q

What is the function of mucous in the stomach ?

A

Protects the stomach lining from gastric juices

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36
Q

What does cell division do to the epithelial layer ?

A

Adds a new epithelial layer every three days

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37
Q

What are gastric ulcers caused mainly by ?

A

Heliobacter pylori

38
Q

How is gastric juice produced ?

A
  1. Pepsinogen and HCl introduced into lumen
  2. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
  3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen, starting a chain reaction
39
Q

What is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal ?

A

The small intestine

40
Q

Where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occur ?

A

The small intestine

41
Q

What is the first portion of the small intestine called ?

A

The duodenum

42
Q

What happens in the duodenum ?

A

Chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and the small intestine itself

43
Q

What does the pancreas do ?

A

Produces the protease trypsin and chymotrypsin

44
Q

Where are trypsin and chemotrypsin activated ?

A

Lumen of the duodenum

45
Q

What is the solution of the duodenum and what is its function ?

A

Alkaline which neutralises the acidic chyme

46
Q

What is the function of bile salts ?

A

Facilitate digestion of fats

47
Q

What are bile salts a major component of ?

A

Bile

48
Q

Where is bile made ?

A

Liver

49
Q

Where is bile stored ?

A

Gallblader

50
Q

What does bule destroy ?

A

Non functional red blood cells

51
Q

How does the small intestine have a huge surface area ?

A

Due to villi and microvilli exposed in the intestinal lumen

52
Q

What does the enormous microvillar surface create ?

A

A border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

53
Q

What can transport across the epithelial cells be ?

A

Passive or active depending on the nutrient

54
Q

Where is most of the water we ingest absorbed ?

A

In the small intestine via osmosis

55
Q

What is the hepatic portal veins function ?

A

Carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart and onwards to all organs

56
Q

What does the liver do ?

A
  1. Regulates nutrient distribution
  2. Interconverts many organic molecules
  3. Detoxifies many organic molecules
57
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells ?

A

Absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombine them into triglycerides

58
Q

What are triglycerides coated with ?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins

59
Q

What do triglycerides form ?

A

Water soluble chylomicrons

60
Q

Where are chylomicrons transported into ?

A

A lacteal

61
Q

What is a lacteal ?

A

A lymphatic vessel in each villus

62
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels ?

A

Deliver chylomicrons containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart

63
Q

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides down to fatty acids and monoglycerides ?

A

Lipase

64
Q

What does the alimentary canal end with ?

A

The large intestine

65
Q

What does the large intestine include ?

A
  1. Colon
  2. Caecum
  3. Rectum
66
Q

What does the colon lead to ?

A

The rectum and anus

67
Q

What is the function of the caecum ?

A
  1. Fermentation of plant material

2. Connects where the small and large intestines meet

68
Q

What is the extension of the human caecum called ?

A

Appendix

69
Q

What does the colon complete ?

A

The recovery of water that begins in the small intestine

70
Q

What is the waste of the digestive system ?

A

Feces

71
Q

What happens to feces as they move through the colon ?

A

They become more solid

72
Q

Where are feces stored ?

A

In the rectum

73
Q

What controls bowel movement ?

A

The two sphincters between the rectum and anus

74
Q

What is the digestive system regulated by ?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

75
Q

What does the nervous system control in digestion ?

A

Control of salivary secretion

76
Q

What does the endocrine system control in digestion ?

A

Gastrin, CCK, secretin

77
Q

What happens in the absorptive state ?

A
  1. Fed state
  2. Glucose is plentiful and serves as a major energy source
  3. Insulin is major hormone of absorptive state
78
Q

What happens in the postabsorptive state ?

A
  1. Fasting state
  2. Endogenous energy stores are mobilised to provide energy
  3. Glucagon is major hormone of postabsorptive state
79
Q

What is central to maintaining metabolic balance ?

A

Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen

80
Q

What regulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose ?

A

Insulin and glucagon

81
Q

What is the site for glucose homeostasis ?

A

The liver

82
Q

What can brain cells do that others cannot ?

A

They can take up glucose whether or not insulin is present

83
Q

Where are glucagon and insulin produced ?

A

Islets of the pancreas

84
Q

What makes glucagon ?

A

Alpha cells

85
Q

What makes insulin ?

A

Beta cells

86
Q

What is the central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS ?

A

A chronic state of inflammation

87
Q

Where is ghrelin secreted from ?

A

The stomach wall

88
Q

What is the function of ghrelin ?

A

Triggers feelings of hunger before meals

89
Q

What suppresses hormones ?

A

Insulin and PYY

90
Q

Where is PYY secreted from ?

A

Small intestine

91
Q

Where is leptin produced from ?

A

Adipose tissue

92
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue ?

A

Suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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